Influences of Harvest Time and 1-MCP Application on Postharvest Quality of Scarlet Spur Apple Variety

Abstract

The fruits of Scarlet Spur apple variety grown in Isparta/Egirdir were harvested in two different maturity periods, 139 and 150 days after full bloom. After harvest, 1-MCP was applied to half of the fruits at a dose of 625 ppb for 12 hours. Treated and control fruits were stored under normal atmosphere (NA) condition at 0°C and 90±5% relative humidity for six months. For shelf life studies, apples were kept at 20°C and 60±5% relative humidity for 7 days after cold storage. Some chemical and physical analyses were performed in fruits stored at cold room and kept at shelf life conditions. Harvest maturity affected the post-harvest quality of apple. Weight losses of fruits obtained from first harvest were higher compared to second harvest during cold storage and shelf life period. 1-MCP application preserved fruit quality better than control by suppressing ethylene production and respiration rate at both maturity periods. It was observed that the fruits of Scarlet Spur apple variety, which were harvested 150 days after full bloom and applied 1-MCP, could be stored successfully for 6 months.

Keywords

• Storage
• apple
• 1-MCP
• quality
• harvest date

Scarlet Spur Elma Çeşidinin Hasat Sonrası Kalitesine Hasat Zamanı Ve 1-MCP Uygulamasının Etkileri

Abstract

Isparta/Eğirdir koşullarında yetiştirilen Scarlet Spur elma çeşidi meyveleri tam çiçeklenmeden 139 ve 150 gün sonra olmak üzere iki farklı olgunluk aşamasında hasat edilmiştir. Hasattan sonra meyvelerin yarısına 625 ppb dozunda 12 saat süreyle 1-MCP uygulaması yapılmıştır. Uygulama yapılan meyveler ve kontrol meyveleri normal atmosfer (NA) koşullarında 0°C sıcaklık ve %90±5 oransal nemde 6 ay süreyle depolanmıştır. Raf ömrü çalışmaları için elmalar soğukta muhafazadan sonra 20°C sıcaklık ve %60±5 oransal nem koşullarında 7 gün bekletilmiştir. Soğukta depolanan ve raf ömrü koşullarında bekletilen meyvelerde belirli aralıklarla çeşitli kimyasal ve fiziksel analizler yapılmıştır. Hasat olgunluğu elmanın hasat sonrası dönemde kalitesini etkilemiştir. Depolama ve raf ömrü sürecinde ilk hasattaki meyvelerde daha fazla ağırlık kaybı meydana gelmiştir. 1-MCP uygulaması her iki olgunluk aşamasında etilen üretimi ve solunum hızını baskılayarak meyve kalitesini kontrole göre daha iyi korumuştur. Tam çiçeklenmeden 150 gün sonra hasat edilerek 1-MCP uygulanan Scarlet Spur elma çeşidi meyvelerinin 6 ay süreyle başarılı bir şekilde depolanabildiği görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Depolama
• elma
• 1-MCP
• kalite
• hasat zamanı

References

1. Ackermann, J., Fischer, M. & Amado, R. 1992. Changes in sugars, acids, and amino acids during ripening and storage of apples (cv. Glockenapfel). Journal Of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40(7), 1131-1134.
2. Almeida, D. P., Carvalho, R. & Dupille, E. 2016. Efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene on the mitigation of storage disorders of Rocha pear under normal refrigerated and controlled atmospheres. Food Science and Technology International, 22(5), 399-409.
3. Argenta, L. C., Fan, X. & Mattheis, J. P. 2007. Responses of golden delicious apples to 1-MCP applied in air or water. HortScience, 42(7), 1651-1655.
4. Bertone, E., Venturello, A., Leardi, R. & Geobaldo, F. 2012. Prediction of the optimum harvest time of Scarlet apples using DR-UV–Vis and NIR spectroscopy. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 69, 15-23.
5. Biale, J. B. & Young, R. E. 1981. Respiration and ripening in fruit - retrospect and prospect. In Advances in the Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables pp. 1-39). Academic Press.
6. Blankenship, S. M. & Dole, J. M. 2003. 1-Methylcyclopropene: A review. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 28(1), 1-25.
7. Bulens, I., Van de Poel, B., Hertog, M. L. A. T. M., De Proft, M. P., Geeraerd, A. H. & Nicolai, B. M. 2012. Influence of harvest time and 1-MCP application on postharvest ripening and ethylene biosynthesis of Jonagold apple. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 72, 11-19.
8. Chávez, R. A. S., Peniche, R. Á. M., Medrano, S. A., Muñoz, L. S., Ortíz, M. D. S. C., Espasa, N. T. & Sanchis, R. T. 2014. Effect of maturity stage, ripening time, harvest year and fruit characteristics on the susceptibility to Penicillium expansum link of apple genotypes from Queretaro, Mexico. Scientia Horticulturae, 180, 86-93.

9. Çalhan, Ö., Onursal, C. E., Seçmen, T., Güneyli, A. & Eren, İ. 2016. Galaxy Gala elma çeşidinde muhafaza öncesi SencyFresh™ uygulamasının depolama süresince meyve kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 53(1), 51-59.
10. Defilippi, B. G., Dandekar, A. M. & Kader, A. A. 2004. Impact of suppression of ethylene action or biosynthesis on flavor metabolites in apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(18), 5694-5701.
11. DeLong, J. M., Prange, R. K. & Harrison, P. A. 2004. The influence of 1-methylcyclopropene on Cortland and McIntosh apple quality following long-term storage. HortScience, 39(5), 1062-1065.
12. Erbaş, D., Onursal, C. E., Babalık, Z., & Koyuncu, M. A. 2014. Üzüm muhafazasında salisilik asit kullanımı. Bahçe Bilimi Dergisi, 5, 22-31.
13. Erbaş, D. & Koyuncu, M. A. 2020. Granny Smith elma çeşidinin depolama performansı üzerine farklı 1-MCP dozlarının etkisi . Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(4) , 2301-2314. 10.21597/jist.773411
14. Fellman, J. K., Rudell, D. R., Mattinson, D. S. & Mattheis, J. P. 2003. Relationship of harvest maturity to flavor regeneration after CA storage of Delicious apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 27(1), 39-51.
15. Gago, C. M., Guerreiro, A. C., Miguel, G., Panagopoulos, T., da Silva, M. M. & Antunes, M. D. 2016. Effect of calcium chloride and 1-MCP (Smartfresh™) postharvest treatment on Golden Delicious apple cold storage physiological disorders. Scientia Horticulturae, 211, 440-448.
16. Guillén, F., Castillo, S., Zapata, P. J., Martínez-Romero, D., Serrano, M. & Valero, D. 2007. Efficacy of 1-MCP treatment in tomato fruit: 1. Duration and concentration of 1-MCP treatment to gain an effective delay of postharvest ripening. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 43(1), 23-27.
17. Güneyli, A., Onursal, C. E., Seçmen, T. & Üzümcü, S. S. 2019. Hasat sonrası 1-MCP uygulamalarının Starking Delicious elma çeşidinde depolama ve raf ömrü üzerine olan etkisi. Meyve Bilimi, 6(1), 15-28.
18. Jung, S. K. & Watkins, C. B. 2014. Internal ethylene concentrations in apple fruit at harvest affect persistence of inhibition of ethylene production after 1-methylcyclopropene treatment. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 96, 1-6.
19. Kader, A. A., 1999. Fruit maturity, ripening, and quality relationships. Acta Horticulturae, 485, 203–208.
20. Kaplan, A. & Dündar, Ö. 2018. Niğde ilinde farklı yükseklikte yetiştirilen Scarlet Spur elma çeşidinin muhafaza süresi ve kalite değişimlerinin belirlenmesi. Alatarım, 17(2), 80-88.
21. Karaçalı, İ. 2009. Bahçe Ürünlerinin Muhafaza ve Pazarlanması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Yayın No: 494, Bornova.
22. Kittemann, D., McCormick, R. & Neuwald, D. A. 2015. Effect of high temperature and 1-MCP application or dynamic controlled atmosphere on energy savings during apple storage. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 80(1), 33-38.
23. Kolniak-Ostek, J., Oszmiański, J., Rutkowski, K. P. & Wojdyło, A. 2014. Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene postharvest treatment apple and storage on the cloudy juices properties. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 59(2), 1166-1174.
24. Kovač, A., Babojelić, M. S., Pavičić, N., Voća, S., Voća, N., Dobričević, N. & Šindrak, Z. 2010. Influence of harvest time and storage duration on Cripps Pink apple cultivar (Malus domestica Borkh) quality parameters. CyTA–Journal of Food, 8(1), 1-6
25. Kviklienė, N., Kviklys, D., Valiuškaitė, A., Viskelis, P., Uselis, N., Lanauskas, J. & Buskiene, L. 2011. Effect of harvest date on fruit maturity, quality and storability of Lodel apples. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 9(3-4), 132-135.
26. Lafer G. 2006. Storability and fruit quality of Golden Delicious as affected by harvest date, AVG, and 1-MCP treatments. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 14(2): 203-211.
27. Liguori, G., Farina, V., Corona, O., Mazzaglia, A., Barone, E. & Inglese, P. 2017. Effects of 1-MCP on postharvest quality and internal browning of white-flesh loquat fruit during cold storage. Fruits, 72(2), 67-73.
28. Little, C. R. & Holmes, R. J. 2000. Storage technology for apples and pears: A guide to production, postharvest treatment and storage of pome fruit in Australia. Agriculture Victoria, Knoxfield, Australia
29. Liu, R., Wang, Y., Qin, G. & Tian, S. 2016. Molecular basis of 1-methylcyclopropene regulating organic acid metabolism in apple fruit during storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 117, 57-63.
30. Lv, J., Zhang, J., Han, X., Bai, L., Xu, D., Ding, S. & Li, J. 2020. Genome wide identification of superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes and their expression profiles under 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment during ripening of apple fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 271, 109471.
31. Mattheis, J. P. 2008. How 1-methylcyclopropene has altered the Washington State apple industry. HortScience, 43(1), 99-101.
32. McCormick, R., Neuwald, D. A. & Streif, J. 2012. Commercial apple CA storage temperature regimes with 1-MCP (SmartFresh™): benefits and risks. Acta Horticulturae, 934, 263-270.
33. Ortiz, A., Graell, J. & Lara, I. 2011. Cell wall-modifying enzymes and firmness loss in ripening Golden Reinders apples: A comparison between calcium dips and ULO storage. Food Chemistry, 128(4), 1072-1079.
34. Özkaya, O. & Dündar, Ö. 2009. Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on Fuji apple quality during long-term storage. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 7, 146-148.
35. Pre-Aymard, C., Weksler, A. & Lurie, S. 2003. Responses of Anna, a rapidly ripening summer apple, to 1-methylcyclopropenedelong. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 27(2), 163-170.
36. Sakar, E., Ünver, H., Akgül, T. A. Ş. & Bekir, A. K. 2014. Meyvelerde 1-MCP (1-methlylcyclopropene)’nin kullanım olanakları. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1), 47-54.
37. Seppä, L., Peltoniemi, A., Tahvonen, R. & Tuorila, H. 2013. Flavour and texture changes in apple cultivars during storage. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 54(2), 500-512.
38. Silva, F. J. P., Fidalgo, F., Gomes, M.H. & Almeida, D.P.F. 2008. Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene and diphenylamine on storage disorders and water-soluble antioxidants of Rocha pear. Acta Horticulturae, 800, 993-998. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.800.135
39. Sisler, E. C. & Serek, M. 1997. Inhibitors of ethylene responses in plants at the receptor level: recent developments. Physiologia plantarum, 100(3), 577-582.
40. Storch, T. T., Finatto, T., Pegoraro, C., Dal Cero, J., Laurens, F., Rombaldi, C. V. & Girardi, C. L. 2015. Ethylene-dependent regulation of an α-l-arabinofuranosidase is associated to firmness loss in Gala apples under long term cold storage. Food chemistry, 182, 111-119.
41. Tatsuki, M., Endo, A. & Ohkawa, H. 2007. Influence of time from harvest to 1-MCP treatment on apple fruit quality and expression of genes for ethylene biosynthesis enzymes and ethylene receptors. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 43(1), 28-35.
42. Toivonen, P. & Lu, L. 2005. Studies on elevated temperature, short-term storage of Sunrise summer apples using 1-MCP to maintain quality. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 80(4), 439-466.
43. Torres, R., Valentines, M. C., Usall, J., Vinas, I. & Larrigaudiere, C. 2003. Possible involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the development of resistance mechanisms in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 27(3), 235-242.
44. Tuna Güneş, N. & Horzum, Ö. 2017. Bahçe Ürünlerinde Fizyolojik Olaylar. Bahçe Ürünlerinin Muhafazası ve Pazara Hazırlanması, (pp. 61-83)
45. Uluışık, S. 2018. Olgunlaşan Meyvede Dokuyu Düzenleyen Moleküler Mekanizmalar. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 11(1), 49-55.
46. Üstün, H. 2018. Adi Depo Koşullarında Muhafaza Edilen ‘Starkrimson’ve ‘Granny Smith’elma Çeşitlerinin Kaliteleri Üzerine Modifiye Atmosfer Ve 1-Metilsiklopropen (1-MCP) Uygulamalarının Etkileri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü)
47. Valero, D., Martınez-Romero, D., Valverde, J. M., Guillen, F. & Serrano, M. 2003. Quality improvement and extension of shelf life by 1-methylcyclopropene in plum as affected by ripening stage at harvest. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 4(3), 339-348.
48. Valero, D., Guillén, F., Valverde, J. M., Castillo, S. & Serrano, M. 2016. Recent developments of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments on fruit quality attributes. In Eco-friendly technology for postharvest produce quality (pp. 185-201). Academic Press.
49. Vanoli, M. & Buccheri, M. 2012. Overview of the methods for assessing harvest maturity. Stewart Postharvest Review, 1, 1-11.
50. Veberic, R., Trobec, M., Herbinger, K., Hofer, M., Grill, D. & Stampar, F. 2005. Phenolic compounds in some apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars of organic and integrated production. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85(10), 1687-1694.
51. Watkins, C. B. 2008. Dynamic controlled atmosphere storage–a new technology for the New York storage industry. New York Fruit Quarterly, 16(1), 23-26.
52. Watkins, C. B., Bowen, J. H. & Walker, V. J. 1989. Assessment of ethylene production by apple cultivars in relation to commercial harvest dates. New Zealand Journal Of Crop And Horticultural Science, 17(4), 327-331.
53. Watkins, C. B. & Ekman, J. H. 2005. How postharvest technologies affect quality. Environmentally Friendly Technologies for Agricultural Produce Quality, (pp. 447-474)
54. Watkins, C. B. & Nock, J. F. 2012. Rapid 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment and delayed controlled atmosphere storage of apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 69, 24-31.
55. Watkins, C. B., Nock, J. F. & Whitaker, B. D. 2000. Responses of early, mid and late season apple cultivars to postharvest application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) under air and controlled atmosphere storage conditions. Postharvest Biology and technology, 19(1), 17-32.
56. Yang, S. F. & Oetiker, J. H. 1994. The role of ethylene in fruit ripening. Postharvest Physiology of Fruits, 398, 167-178.
57. Zanella, A. 2003. Control of apple superficial scald and ripening-a comparison between 1-methylcyclopropene and diphenylamine postharvest treatments, initial low oxygen stress and ultra low oxygen storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 27(1), 69-78.
58. Zhang, J., Ma, Y., Dong, C., Terry, L. A., Watkins, C. B., Yu, Z. & Cheng, Z. M. M. 2020. Meta-analysis of the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on climacteric fruit ripening. Horticulture Research, 7(1), 1-16.