Elmalarda Slender Spindle, Vertical Axis ve Hytec Terbiye Sistemlerinin Ağaç Gelişimi ve Verim Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Terbiye prensibi yüksek verimin hedeflendiği yerlerde en önemli etmenlerden biridir ve erkenci üretim ve yüksek meyve kalitesini doğrudan etkilemektedir. 2008-2014 yılları içerisinde yürütülen çalışmada, GOÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Bahçesi’nde bulunan M26 anacına aşılı Braeburn ve Red Chief elma çeşitlerinde farklı terbiye sistemlerinin etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada 2007 yılı Kasım ayında dikilen fidanlara Slender Spindle (Slender S), Vertical Axis (Vertical A) ve Hytec terbiye sistemleri uygulanmıştır. Tel-herek kombinasyonu üzerinde geliştirilen ağaçların; vejetatif gelişimi, verim ve meyve kalite performansları 7 yıl süreyle incelenmiştir. Deneme sonunda en yüksek verim değerleri Hytec ve Vertical A terbiye sistemlerinde ve Braeburn çeşidinde saptanmıştır. Braeburn çeşidi en yüksek gövde kesit alanı (TCA) ve taç hacmi oluşturmuştur. Taç hacmi değerleri, Vertical A sisteminde daha yüksek değerler vermiştir. Meyve ağırlığı ve kimyasal özellikler yalnızca çeşitler arasında farklılık göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elma
• M26
• terbiye sistemi
• büyüme
• verim ve meyve kalitesi

The Effects on Tree Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Slender Spindle, Vertical Axis and Hytec Training Systems in Apples

Abstract

Training system is the most important factor where high crop yield is expected. It also has direct effect on good quality fruits and early productivity expected from the orchard. In this study that had been carried out during 2008-2014, it was aimed that the effects of different cultivation systems on Braeburn and Red Chief apple cultivars grafted on M26 apple rootstock in Horticultural Department of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University would be revealed. Slender Spindle (Slender S.), Vertical Axis (Vertical A) and Hytec training systems were applied on the trees were planted in 2007 October. The vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality performances of the trees constituted on wire-stake combination system were analyzed during seven years. In the result of the study, the highest yield values were detected on Hytec and Vertical A. training systems and the Braeburn cultivar. Braeburn cultivar gave the highest values in trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) and canopy volume. Canopy volume was higher in Vertical Axis system. Fruit mass and chemical properties showed difference only between varieties.

Keywords

• Apple
• M26
• training systems
• growth
• yield and fruit quality

References

1. Barritt, B.H., 1987. Orchard systems research with Decidious trees: a. Brief introduction, HortScience 22(4):48-549.
2. Barritt, B.H., 1989. Influence of orchard system on canopy development, light interception and production of third year Granny Smith apple trees, Acta Horticulturae, 243:121-131
3. Barritt, B.H., 1992. Intensive orchard management. Good Fruit Grower. Yakima, WA.
4. Barritt, B.H., 1998. Orchard management systems for fuji apples. Compact Fruit Tree. 31(1):10-12.
5. Barritt, B.H., 2000. The hytec (hybrid tree cone) orchard system for apples. Acta Hort. 513:303-309.
6. Barritt, B.H., Konishi, B., Dilley, M., 2008. Performance of four high density apple orchard systems with Fuji and Braeburn, Acta Hort. 7772:389-394.
7. Buler, Z., Mika. A., Treder. W., Chlebowska, D., 2001. Influence of new training systems of dwarf and semidwarf apple trees on yield, its quality and canopy illumination. Acta Hort. 557:253-259.
8. Callesen, O., 1993. Influence of apple tree height on yield and fruit quality. Acta Hort. 349:111115.

9. Hampson, C., Quamme, H.A., Brownlee, R., 2002. Canopy growth, yield and fruit quality of Royal Gala apple trees grown for eight years in five tree training systems. HortScience, 37:627-631.
10. Hampson, C.R., Quamme, H.A., Kappel, F., Brownlee, R.T., 2004. Varying density with constant rectangularity: 1. Effects on apple tree growth, and light interception in three training systems over ten years. HortScience, 39:501506.
11. Lauri, P.E., Lespinasse, J.M., 2000. The vertical axis and solaxe systems in France. Acta Hort. 513:287-296.
12. Lespinasse, J.M., Delort, J.F., 1986. Apple tree management in vertical axis, appraisal after ten years of experiments. Acta Hort. 160:139-155.
13. Palmer, J.W., 1989. The effects of row orientation, tree height, time of year and latitude on light interception and distribution in model apple hedgerow canopies. J. Hort. Sci. 64:137-145.
14. Robinson, T.L., Lakso A.N., Carpenter, S.G., 1991. Canopy development, yield, and fruit quality of Empire and Delicious apple trees grown in four orchard production systems for ten years. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116:179-187.
15. Robinson, T.L., 2003. Apples: Botany, Production and Uses (Eds D.C. Ferree and I.J. Warrington) CAB International. 345-407.
16. Szczygie, A., Mika, A., 2003. Effects of high-density planting and two training methods of dwarf apple trees grown in sub-Carpathian region. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 11:45-51.
17. Wagenmakers, P.S., Callesen, O., 1995. Light distribution in apple orchard systems in relation to production and fruit quality. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 70:935-948.
18. Wertheim, S.J., 1983. Orchard developments-past and present. Apples and pears. (Editor: E. Napier), pp.51-62, London, Royal Hort. Soc.
19. Wertheim, S.J., Wagenmakers, P.S., Bootsma, J.H., Groot, M.J., 2001. Orchard systems for apple conditions for success. Acta Hort. 557:209-22