Süs Bitkilerinde Kullanılan Bitki Büyüme Düzenleyici Maddeler

Abstract

Çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda bitkide gerçekleşen fizyolojik olayları kontrol eden ve değiştirebilen, bitki büyüme düzenleyici maddeler olarak adlandırılan doğal yada yapay bileşiklerin tarımda kullanım alanları giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bu bileşiklerin bir kısmı büyümeyi teşvik ederken diğer bir kısmı da büyümeyi yavaşlatmakta veya engellemektedir. Aynı bileşikler farklı zaman ve miktarlarda uygulandığında bile farklı etkiler gösterebilmektedir. Bitki büyüme düzenleyici maddeler bahçe bitkileri yetiştiriciliğinde farklı amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Bahçe bitkileri grubu içerisinde yer alan süs bitkilerinde, özellikle bitkinin bodurlaştırılmasını sağlama, bitki boyunu uzatma, geotropizma sağlama, çiçekte kalma süresini uzatma, kompakt habitus oluşturma, erkencilik, apikal dominansiyi kısıtlama, vazo ömrünü uzatma ve soğanlı bitkilerin depolanmasında kullanılmaktadır. Bu amaçla oksin, gibberellinler, sitokininler, absisik asit, etilen gibi klasik hormonların yanı sıra son yıllarda bitki büyüme düzenleyici maddeler kapsamında kabul edilen jasmonatlar, salisilatlar, brassinosteroidler, poliaminler de kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Süs bitkilerinde de kullanımı yaygınlaşan bu bileşikler, güzel koku salgılamada, hastalık ve böcek zararlarına karşı dayanıklılığı arttırmada, çiçeklenmeyi teşvik etmede, termojenik ve koku üreten bitkilerin çiçeklenmesinde, kök oluşumunun hızlandırılmasında tercih edilmektedir.

Keywords

• Bitki büyüme düzenleyici maddeler
• süs bitkileri
• büyüme engelleyici
• teşvik edici

Plant Growth Regulators Used in Ornamental Plants

Abstract

The use of natural or synthetic compounds, called plant growth regulators, which control and alter the physiological phenomena occurring in the plant at very low concentrations, is becoming increasingly popular in agricultural areas. Some of these compounds promoting growth either the others are preventing or decreasing the plant growth. The same compounds may exhibit different effects even when applied in different time and amounts. Plant growth regulators are used for different purposes in the cultivation of horticultural plants. These plant growth regulators are used in ornamental plants within the group of horticultural plants, in particular to obtain dwarf plants, to extend the length of the plant, on geotropism, to prolong the period of flowering, to create compact habitus, earliness, to restriction the apical dominance, to prolong vase life and to increasine storage period in bulbous plants. For this purpose, as well as conventional hormones such as auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, the use of some chemicals such as jasmonates, salicylates, brassinosteroids, polyamines, which have been accepted in recent years as plant growth regulators, have been began. These compounds can be used in activating the plant defense mechanism against any stress, increasing post-harvest resistance, promoting flowering, secreting good smell, flowering of thermogenic and smell producer plants and providing root development.

Keywords

• Plant growth regulators
• ornamental plants
• growth inhibitor-growth promoters
• post-harvest strength

References

1. Abdolmaleki, M., Khosh-Khui, M., Eshghi, S., Ramezanian, A., 2014. Improvement in vase life of cut rose cv. “Dolce Vita” by preharvest foliar application of calcium chloride and salicylic acid. International J. of Horticultural Science and Technology 2(1):55-66.
2. Álvarez, R., Farías, Y., Angarita M., 2005. Effect of application of brassinosteroid (Biobras-16) on the growth and number of buds of Madame Delbard and 'Lidia' roses. Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture 48:189-190.
3. Antognoni, F., Ghett, F., Mazzucato, A., Franceschett, M., Bagni, N., 2002. Polyamine pattern during flower development in the parthenocarpic fruit (pat) mutant of tomato, physiol. Plant. 116:539-547.
4. Amzalling, G.N., Vaisman, J., 2006. Influence of brassinosteroids on initiation of the root gravitropic response in Pisum sativum seedlings. Biologia Plantarum 50(2):283-286.
5. Askari-Khorasgani, O., Mortazaeinazhad, F., 2016. Improving quality indices of Rosa ‘Yellow Finesse’ using methyl jasmonate and benzyl adenine. Journal of Central European Agriculture 17(2):369-378.
6. Ashraf, M., Akram, N.A., Arteca, R.N., Foolad, M.R., 2010. The physiological, biochemical and molecular roles of brassinosteroids and salicylic acid in plant processes and salt tolerance. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 29:162-190.
7. Baktır, İ. 2010. Bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri özellikleri ve tarımda kullanımları. Hasat Yayıncılık, ISBN: 978-975-8377-77-0, 112s.
8. Bergmann, R., 1999. Jasmonateler and Jasmonic acid. (htp://www.rrz.unihamburg. de/biologie/b_online/e31/31f.htm).

9. Carey, D.J., Whipker, B.E., McCall, I., Buhler, W., 2007. Cytokinin based PGR affects growth of vegetative petunia, growth regulators. Proc. Southern Nursery Assoc. Res. Conference, p.285.
10. Clouse, S.D., Sasse, J.M., 1998. Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 49:427-451.
11. Couée, I., Hummel, I., Sulmon, C., Gouesbet, G., El Amranı, A., 2004. Involvement of polyamines in root development. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult. 76:1-10.
12. Dastyaran, M., 2015. Effect of humic acid and exogenous putrescine on vase life and leaf macro elements status of hydroponic cultured rose (Rosahybrid cv. ‘DolceVita’). Agricultural Communications, 3(1):43-49.
13. El-Quesni, F.E.M., Kandil, M.M., Mahgoub, M.H., 2007. Some studies on the effect of putrescine and paclobutrazol in the growth and chemical composition of Bougainvillea glabra L. at Nubaria. American-Eurasian J. Agric & Environ Sci. ISSN:1818-6769. 2(5):552-558.
14. El-Sabwa, M.M.N., 2012. Effect of some plant growth regulators on growth and flowering of Salvia splendens L. plant. M.Sc. Thesis in Agric. Sci. (Ornamental Horticultural). Department of Ornamental Horticulture Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University Egypt.
15. Fos, M., Proaño, K., Alabadí, D., Nuez, F., Carbonell, J. and García Martínez, J.L., 2003. Polyamine metabolism is altered in unpollinated parthenocarpic Pat-2 tomato ovaries. Plant Physiol. 131:359-366.
16. Gast, K., 1999. Methyl jasmonate and Long-term storage of fresh cut peony flowers. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 543: 7. International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants. 10.17660/Acta Hort. 2001.543.39.
17. Gerçekçioğlu, R., Bilginer, Ş., Soylu, A., 2008. Genel meyvecilik. ISBN: 978-605-395-076-9 480 s.2008.
18. Jahanbazi, T., Mortezaienejad, F., Jafararpoor, M., 2014. Impact of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on keeping quality of rose (cv. ‘Angelina’) flowers. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences 3(11):1328-1335.
19. Hammond-Kosack, K.E., Jones, J.D., 1996. Resistance gene-dependent plant defense responses. Gene Functioní, Plant Cell, pp.1773-1791.
20. Hanzawa, Y., Takahashi, T., Michael Aj., Burtin, D., Long, D., Pineiro, M., Coupland, G., Komeda, Y., 2000. Acaulis 5, an Arabidopsis gene required for stem elongation, encodes a Spermin synthase. Embo J. 2000; 19:4248-56.
21. Kandil, M.M., Ibrahaim, S.M.M., El-Hanafy, S.H., 2015. Effect of putrescine and uniconazole on some flowering characteristics, and some chemical constituents of salvia Splendens F. plant. International Journal of Chem Tech Research Coden (USA): IJCRGG ISSN: 0974-4290. 8(9):174-186.
22. Kireçci, O.A., 2006. Bazı sentetik hormonların (giberillik asit, spermin, spermidin, putresin) fesleğen (Ocimum basilicum) bitkisinde morfolojik yapı ve uçucu yağ kalitesine etkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kahramanmaraş, 2006.
23. Kumlay, A.M., Eryiğit, T. 2011. Bitkilerde büyüme ve gelişmeyi düzenleyici maddeler: bitki hormonları. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 1(2):47-56.
24. Kumar, P.N., Reddy, Y.N., Chandrashekar, R., 2008. Effect of growth regulators on flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 65(1):73-78. ISSN: 0972-8538.
25. Liu, K., Fu, H., Bei, Q., Luan, S., 2000. Inward Potassium Channel in Guard Cells as a Target for Polyamine Regulation of Stomatol Movements. Plant Physiology. 124(2000): 1315-1326.
26. Liu, H., Wang, M., Wen, Z., Cui, C., Deng, J., 2014. Effects of brassinosteroid sprayed in different stages on the florescence and ornamental quality of chrysanthemum. Hubei Agricultural Sciences. 2014-01.
27. Luzzatto, T., Yishay, M., Lipsky, A., Ion, A., Belausov, E., Yedidia, I., 2007. Efficient, long-lasting resistance against the soft rot bacterium Pecto bacterium carotovorum in calla lily provided by the plant activator methyl jasmonate. Plant Pathology, 56:692-701.
28. Martı´n-Mex, R., Villanueva-Couoh, E. Herrera Campos,T., Larque´-Saavedra, A. 2005. Positive effect of salicylates on the flowering of African violet. Scientia Horticulturae 103:499-502.
29. Martín-Mex, R., Vergara-Yoisura, S., Nexticapán-Garcés, A., Larqué-Saavedra, A. 2010. Application of low concentrations of salicilyc acid increases the number of flowers in Petunia hibrida. Agrociencia 44(7) México oct./nov. 2010.
30. Meir, S., Droby, S., Davidson, H., Alsevia, S., Cohen, L., Horev, B., Philosoph-Hadas, S. 1998. Suppression of botrytis rot in cut rose flowers by postharvest application of methyl jasmonate. Postharvest Biology and Technology 13(3):235-243. June 1998, doi:10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00017-9.
31. Meir, S., Droby, S., Kochanek, B., Salim, S., Philosoph-Hadas, S., 2003. Use of methyl jasmonate for suppression of botrytis rot in various cultivars of cut rose flowers. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 669:8. International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants. 10.17660/ActaHortic. 2005.669.10.
32. Nahed, G.A.A., Lobna, S.T., Soad, M.I., 2009. Some studies on the effect of putrescine, ascorbic acid and thiamine on growth, flowering and some chemical constituents of gladiolus plants at Nubaria. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences 2(2):1943-2429.
33. Qiu-ming, C., Hui, Y., Xiao-yan, L., Ming-fang, Y. 2008. Effects of salicylic acid on the activities of antioxidant systems in lily plants under high temperature stress. Journal of China Agricultural University 2008-02.
34. Patmalatha, T., Satyanarayana Reddy, G., Chandrasekhar, R., Siva Shankar, A., Chaturvedi, A., 2013. Effect of foliar sprays of bioregulators on growth and flowering in gladiolus. Indian J. Agric. Res. 47(3):192-199.
35. Rao, S.S.R., Vardhini, B.V., Sujatha, E., Anuradha, S., 2002. Brassinosteroids-a new class of phytohormones. Current Science, 82(10):1239-1245.
36. Rubinowska, K., Michalek, W., 2009. Influence of putrescine on leaf senescence of Helianthus annuus L. potted plants. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW Horticulture and Landscape Architecture No 30, 2009: 57-65 (Ann. Warsaw Univ. of Life Sc. SGGW, Horticult. and Landsc. Architect. 30.
37. Ryals, J.A., Neuenschwander, U.H., Willits, M.G., Molina, A., Steiner, H.Y. and Hunt, D., 1996. Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell, 8(1996):1809-1819.
38. Sajjad, Y., Jaskani, M.J., Asif, M., Qasim, M., 2017. Application of plant growth regulators in ornamental plants: a review. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 54(2):327-333.
39. Saniewski, M., Wegrzynowicz-Lesiak, E., 1994. Methyl jasmonate-induced leaf abscission in kalanchoe blossfeldiana. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 394: Plant Bioregulators in Horticulture. Doi:10.17660/ActaHortic. 1995. 394.34.
40. Sardoei, A.S., Mohammadi, G.A., Rahbarian, P., 2013. Interaction effect of salicylic acid and putrescine on vase life of cut narcissus flowers. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research 1(12):1569-1576.
41. Sardoei, A.S., Shahdadneghad, M., Yazdi, M.R., S Gholamshahi, S., 2014. Growth response of petunia hybrid to zinc sulphate and salicylic acid. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research 2(3):622-627.
42. Sasse, J.M., 2003. Physiologicalactions of brassinosteroids: an update. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 22:276-288.
43. Savaldi-Goldstein, S., Chory, J., 2006. Brassinosteroids. Editors: Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E., Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition, ISBN: 0878938567, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 617-634.
44. Smith, T.A., Bagni, N., Fracossini, D.S., 1979. The formation of amines and their derivates in plants. (EJ Hewitt, CV Cutting seeds) “Nitrogen Assimilation of Plants”, AcadenicPres, New York, pp.557-570.
45. Surgun, Y., Yilmaz, E., Çöl, B., Bürün, B., 2012. Altıncı grup bitki hormonu: brassinosteroidler. C.B.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 8.1 (2012) 27-46. ISSN 1305-1385.
46. Tatte, S., Singh, A., Ahlawat, T.R., 2015. Effect of polyamines on postharvest quality and vase life of rose var. Samurai. The bioscan 10(2):675-678.
47. Ueda, J., Saniewski, M., 2006. Methyl jasmonate-induced stimulation of chlorophyll formation in the basal part of tulip bulbs kept under natural light conditions. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research. 14:199-210.
48. Xiao-li, P., Jing-ping, R., Yan-long Z., 2007. Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on vase life of cut flowers of 'Prato' lily and related physiological influence. Acta Horticulturae Sinica-01.
49. Yıldız, K., Yılmaz, H., 2001. Jasmontlar (jasmonic acid and methy jasmonate) yeni bir bitkisel hormon olabilir mi? (www.derim. com.tr/article/download/5000011575/5000012421).
50. Yıldız Aktaş, L., Güven, A., 2005. Bitki savunma sistemlerinde hormonal sinyal moleküller ve çapraz-iletişimleri. Çankaya Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sayı: 3, Mayıs 2005.