Bolu’da Yüzey Ozon Derişimlerinin Uzun Süreli Değerlendirilmesi ve Tarımsal Ürün Verimlerine Olumsuz Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Abstract

Yüzey ozon (O₃) derişimleri, son yüzyıldan beri, özellikle kuzey yarım küredeki artan atmosferik öncül gaz kirleticileri derişimleri sebebiyle yükselmiştir. Ozon, öncül uçucu organik bileşiklerin (UOB) ve azot oksitlerin (NOx) fotokimyasal tepkimeleri yoluyla oluşan ikincil bir kirletici bileşendir. Saha gözlemleri ve kontrollü deney odası çalışmaları, bu kirleticinin yüksek düzeylerinin bitkilerde yaprak hasarı, ürün verim kaybı ve ürün kalitesinde bozulma gibi çeşitli olumsuz etkilere neden olabileceğini göstermiştir. Bolu, yaklaşık 300.000 nüfusu ile Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz bölgesinde yer almaktadır. Kent yüzey alanının %65’inden fazlası ormanlarla kaplıdır ve arazinin %50’den fazlası 2.500 metre yüksekliğe ulaşabilen dağlarla kaplıdır. Genel olarak batı sektörü rüzgârlar yıl boyunca baskın olup, İstanbul, Kocaeli, Gebze, Adapazarı, Düzce, Rusya ve Doğu Avrupa ülkeleri gibi sanayileşmiş bölgelerin emisyonlarını kente taşımaktadır. Tarımsal üretim kentte önemli bir ekonomik faaliyettir ve başlıca ürünler patates, pirinç, domates, soğan, ıspanak, bakliyat, mısır, arpa ve buğdaydır. Saatlik O₃ derişimleri Ocak 2009-Ekim 2016 tarihleri arasında sekiz yıl boyunca Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi kampüsünde (40°42.86' kuzey ve 31°31.04' doğu, 874 m rakım), online O₃ analizörü ile (Thermo Scientific, 49i) ölçülmüştür. Tarımsal ve bahçe bitkileri üretiminde yüzey O₃’ten kaynaklanan olumsuz etkiler 9 mahsul türü için (patates, pirinç, mısır, buğday, domates, arpa, baklagiller, karpuz ve marul) AOT40 esaslı (gündüz saatlerinde 40 ppb’lik bir eşik O₃ derişimleri üzerinde biriken saatlik ortalama O₃ derişimleri) verim tepki fonksiyonları kullanılarak tahmin edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Yüzey O₃
• AOT40
• tarımsal hasar
• tepki fonksiyonu
• kritik seviyeler
• verim

Long Term Evaluation of Surface Ozone Concentrations and Adverse Effects of Ozone on Agricultural Crop Yields in Bolu, Turkey

Abstract

Surface ozone (O₃) concentrations have been elevated by the increasing concentrations of atmospheric precursor gaseous pollutants since the last century, especially in the northern hemisphere. Ozone is a secondary pollutant that forms via the photochemical reactions of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Field experiments and controlled experimental chamber studies have indicated that high levels of this pollutant can cause several adverse effects on plants such as leaf damage, crop yield reduction and product quality deterioration. Bolu is located at the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey with a population of around 300000. More than 65% of the city surface area is covered by the forests and over 50% of its territory is mountainous as high as 2500 m. Generally western sector winds dominate within a year, and transport the emissions of the most industrialized cities of Turkey, like Istanbul, Kocaeli, Gebze, Adapazarı, Düzce and Russia and Eastern European countries. Agricultural production is an important economic activity in the city, and main products are potato, rice, tomato, onion, spinach, pulses, maize, barley and wheat. Hourly O₃ concentrations were measured for a period of eight years; between January 2009 and October 2016 in the campus of Abant İzzet Baysal University (40°42.86' north and 31°31.04' east, 874 m altitude), Bolu (Turkey) by an online ozone analyzer (Thermo Scientific, 49i). Surface O₃ impacts on agricultural and horticultural crop production have been estimated by using AOT40 (hourly mean ozone concentrations accumulated over a threshold O₃ concentrations of 40 ppb during daylight hours) yield response functions for 9 crop types (potato, rice, maize, wheat, tomato, barley, pulses, watermelon and lettuce) in this study.

Keywords

• Surface O₃
• AOT40
• agricultural deterioration
• exposure functions
• critical levels
• yield

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