Asmada Poliploidi İndüksiyonunda Azot Protoksitin (N₂O) Uygulanabilirliği

Abstract

Dünyada 6.969.373 ha alanda üretilen 67.067.129 ton taze üzümün, %6.4’ünü sağlayarak Türkiye, Dünya kuru üzüm üretiminde ikinci ve sofralık üzüm üretiminde beşinci sırayı almaktadır. Ülkesel düzeyde üzüm üretimi ve pazar payının sürdürülebilmesi için yeni ve özellikle de iri taneli üzüm çeşitlerine gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Poliploid bitkilerin oluşumu kolhisin, oryzalin, trifluralin, amiprophosmethyl gibi depolimerizasyon ajanı bazı bileşiklerle, hücre bölünmesine müdahale etmek suretiyle teşvik edilebilmektedir. Azot protoksit (N₂O), 1970’lerden itibaren antimitotik ajan olarak poliploid bitkiler üretilmesinde, anormal mayotik hücre bölünmesi yoluyla indirgenmemiş gamet oluşumu çalışmalarında kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, poliploid asma ıslahında N₂O’nun uygulanabilirliği irdelenmiştir. Ploidi teşviki maksadıyla kullanılan kimyasalların uygulandığı bitki kısımları, uygulama teknikleri, dozları ve etkinliği türler ve hatta çeşitler düzeyinde farklılıklar arz etmektedir. N₂O basınca dayanıklı bir kapta farklı sürelerde aktif mitoz veya mayoz bölünmedeki dokulara (polen ve/veya yumurta kesesi ana hücresi) uygulanmaktadır ve bu şekilde 2n polen, poliploid fide ve/veya sürgün oluşumu teşvik edilmektedir. Asma ıslahında uygulanmasına yönelik çalışmaya rastlanılmamış olup birçok bitkinin gamet, zigot ve fidelerine, bir poliploidize edici madde olarak N₂O uygulanabilmektedir. Genomik araçların uygulanması ve 2n-gametin teşvikinde rol oynayan genler ve mekanizmaların tanımlanması ve izolasyonu, farklı bitki türlerinde artan kullanım sağlayarak bitki ıslahında yeni yollar açacaktır.

Keywords

• Bağcılık
• asma ıslahı
• poliploidi
• gülme gazı
• antimitotik etki

Nitrogen Protoxide (N₂O) Applicability in Grapevine Polyploidy Induction

Abstract

Turkey, providing 6.4% of 67.067.129 tons of fresh grapes produced in 6.969.373 hectares area surface in the world is taking the second rank in world raisin production and “the fifth in table grape production. New and especially bigger grape varieties are needed to sustain grape production and market share at the global level. The formation of polyploidy plants can be promoted by interfering with cell division with certain compounds of depolymerization agents such as colchicine, oryzalin, trifluralin, amiprophosmethyl. Nitrogen protoxide (N₂O) has been used for the production of polyploidy plants as an antimitotic agent, since 1970’s and for unreduced gametogenesis studies through abnormal meiotic cell division. In this study, the applicability of N₂O in polyploid grapevine breeding was reviewed. Plant parts applied of the chemicals used for ploidy induction, application techniques, dosages and activity differ in species and even varieties. N₂O is applied to (pollen and/or the main cell of the egg vesicle) tissues during active mitosis or meiosis division at different times in a pressure resistant tank and thus 2n pollen, polyploid seedlings and/or shoot formation is promoted. There was no study on the N₂O application in grape breeding while it is possible to apply N₂O as a polyploidizing agent to gametes, zygotes and seedlings of many plants. The application of genomic devices and identification and isolation of genes and mechanisms involved in the induction of 2n-gamete will enable increased exploitation in different plant species, which will open new ways for plant breeding.

Keywords

• Viticulture
• grapevine breeding
• polyploidy
• laughing gas
• antimitotic effect

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