Bitkilerde Melatoninin Gün ve Yıl İçerisindeki Değişimi ve Yaşlanma Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bugün varlığı hemen hemen tüm canlı organizmalarda kanıtlanan bir molekül olan melatonin (N-asetil-5-methoksitriptamin), ilk olarak 1958 yılında sığır beyin üstü bezinden izole edilen bir indolamindir. Son zamanlarda bitkisel bir hormon olarak kabul edilmesinin yanında reaktif oksijen ve azot türlerini ortamdan uzaklaştırma özelliğine sahip olmasından dolayı geniş spektrumlu antioksidan olarak bilinmektedir. Bitkilerde fotoperyodik düzenleyici veya 24 saatlik ritim düzenleyici olarak görev aldığı ifade edilen bu molekülün hayvanlarda ve insanlarda da günlük ve yıllık ritmi kontrol ettiği yapılan yoğun çalışmalar sonucunda bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca melatoninin türe göre değişmekle beraber miktarının özellikle gece veya karanlıkta arttığı ve bazı bitkilerde gün içerisinde ikince kez pik yaptığı da araştırmalar sonucu ortaya konmuştur. Melatoninin bitkilerin ve tohumların yaşlanma metabolizmasında sahip olduğu rol ise tam olarak anlaşılmış değildir. Ancak son araştırmalar melatoninin yaşlanma üzerine olumlu etkisinin, yaşlanmaya neden olan ve yaşlanmayı geciktiren fitohormonların etkisi ile yakından ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu derlemede bitki dokularındaki melatoninin gün ve yıl içerisindeki değişimi ve yaşlanma üzerine etkisi hakkında detaylı bilgi verilecektir.

Keywords

• Melatonin
• sirkadiyal ritim
• yaşlanma
• tohum canlılığı

Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Melatonin Content and Its Effect on Ageing in Plants

Abstract

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an indolamine which was first isolated from bovine pineal gland in 1958 and since its discovery, it’s been identified in almost all life forms. In addition to being regarded as a phytohormone recently, it is known as a broad spectrum antioxidant due to its ability to remove reactive oxygen and nitrogen species from the environment. Extensive research demonstrated that this molecule, which is stated to act as a photoperiodic regulator or 24-hour rhythm regulator in plants, controls the daily and annual rhythm in animals and humans as well. In addition, studies have shown that although the tissue melatonin content varies from species to species, its concentration is known to increase especially at night or in the dark, and in some plants it peaks twice a day. The role of melatonin in the ageing metabolism of plants or seeds has not been completely demonsrated. However, latest research has shown that the positive effect of melatonin on aging is closely related to the effect of phytohormones that regulate or delay aging. This review mainly focuses on diurnal and seosanal change in melatonin content of plant tissues and its effect on aging.

Keywords

• Melatonin
• circadian rhythm
• ageing
• seed viability

References

1. 1.Afreen, F., Zobayed, S. M., Kozai, T. 2006. Melatonin in Glycyrrhiza uralensis: response of plant roots to spectral quality of light and UV‐B radiation. Journal of Pineal Research, 41(2): 108-115.
2. 2.Anonim, 2021. www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/m5250?lang=en®ion=TR (erişim tarihi: 03.04.2021).
3. 3.Arnao, M. B., Hernández‐Ruiz, J. 2009. Chemical stress by different agents affects the melatonin content of barley roots. Journal of Pineal Research, 46(3): 295-299.
4. 4.Arnao, M. B., Hernández‐Ruiz, J. 2015. Functions of melatonin in plants: a review. Journal of Pineal Research, 59(2): 133-150.
5. 5.Arnao, M. B., Hernández-Ruiz, J. 2020a. Melatonin in flowering, fruit set and fruit ripening. Plant Reproduction, 33(2): 77-87.
6. 6.Arnao, M.B., Hernández-Ruiz, J. 2020b. Is phytomelatonin a new plant hormone? Agronomy 10 (1): 95.
7. 7.Atkins, K. A., Dodd, A. N. 2014. Circadian regulation of chloroplasts. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 21: 43-50.
8. 8.Boccalandro, H. E., González, C. V., Wunderlin, D. A., Silva, M. F. 2011. Melatonin levels, determined by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS, fluctuate during the day/night cycle in Vitis vinifera cv Malbec: evidence of its antioxidant role in fruits. Journal of Pineal Research, 51(2): 226-232.

9. 9.Burkhardt, S., Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Hardeland, R., Reiter, R. J. 2001. Detection and quantification of the antioxidant melatonin in Montmorency and Balaton tart cherries (Prunus cerasus). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(10): 4898-4902.
10. 10.Buttar, Z. A., Wu, S. N., Arnao, M. B., Wang, C., Ullah, I., Wang, C. 2020. Melatonin suppressed the heat stress-induced damage in wheat seedlings by modulating the antioxidant machinery. Plants, 9(7): 809.
11. 11.Cao, S., Bian, K., Shi, L., Chung, H. H., Chen, W., Yang, Z. 2018. Role of melatonin in cell-wall disassembly and chilling tolerance in cold-stored peach fruit. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(22): 5663-5670.
12. 12.Cardinali, D. P., Pévet, P. 1998. Basic aspects of melatonin action. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2(3): 175-190.
13. 13.Catala, A. 2007. The ability of melatonin to counteract lipid peroxidation in biological membranes. Current Molecular Medicine, 7(7): 638-649.
14. 14.Challet, E., Caldelas, I., Graff, C., Pévet, P. 2005. Synchronization of the molecular clockwork by light-and food-related cues in mammals. Biological Chemistry, 384: 711–719.
15. 15.Chrustek, A., Olszewska-Słonina, D. 2021. Melatonin as a powerful antioxidant. Acta Pharmaceutica, 71(3): 335-354.
16. 16.Deng, B., Yang, K., Zhang, Y., Li, Z. 2017. Can antioxidant’s reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity contribute to aged seed recovery? Contrasting effect of melatonin, ascorbate and glutathione on germination ability of aged maize seeds. Free Radical Research, 51(9-10): 765-771.
17. 17.Dubbels, R., Reiter, R. J., Klenke, E., Goebel, A., Schnakenberg, E., Ehlers, C., Schiwara, H. W., Schloot, W. 1995. Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Journal of Pineal Research, 18(1): 28-31.
18. 18.García, J. J., López‐Pingarrón, L., Almeida‐Souza, P., Tres, A., Escudero, P., García‐Gil, F. A., Tan, D.X., Reiter, R.J., Ramírez, J.M., Bernal‐Pérez, M. 2014. Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes: a review. Journal of Pineal Research, 56(3): 225-237.
19. 19.Hardeland, R., Poeggeler, B. 2012. Melatonin and synthetic melatonergic agonists: actions and metabolism in the central nervous system. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Central Nervous System Agents), 12(3): 189-216.
20. 20.Hardeland, R. 2013. Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms. Journal of Pineal Research, 55(4): 325-356.
21. 21.Hattori, A., Migitaka, H., Iigo, M., Itoh, M., Yamamoto, K., Ohtani-Kaneko, R., Hara, M., Suzuki, T., Reiter, R. J. 1995. Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 35(3): 627-634. 22.Hernandez-Ruiz, J., Cano, A., Arnao, M. B. 2004. Melatonin: a growth-stimulating compound present in lupin tissues. Planta, 220(1): 140-144.
22. 23.Hernández‐Ruiz, J., Cano, A., Arnao, M. B. 2005. Melatonin acts as a growth‐stimulating compound in some monocot species. Journal of Pineal Research, 39(2): 137-142.
23. 24.Hernández-Ruiz, J., Arnao, M. B. 2008. Distribution of melatonin in different zones of lupin and barley plants at different ages in the presence and absence of light. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(22): 10567-10573.
24. 25.Hernández, I. G., Gomez, F. J. V., Cerutti, S., Arana, M. V., Silva, M. F. 2015. Melatonin in Arabidopsis thaliana acts as plant growth regulator at low concentrations and preserves seed viability at high concentrations. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 94: 191-196.
25. 26.Hussain, S., Khan, F., Hussain, H. A., Nie, L. 2016. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of seed priming-induced chilling tolerance in rice cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7:116.
26. 27.Jibran, R., Hunter, D. A., Dijkwel, P. P. 2013. Hormonal regulation of leaf senescence through integration of developmental and stress signals. Plant Molecular Biology, 82(6): 547-561.
27. 28.Karaca, A., 2020. Yaşlanan domates tohumlarının melatonin profilinde meydana gelen değişimlerin incelenmesi (Doktora Tezi). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş, 218s.
28. 29.Kang, S., Kang, K., Lee, K., Back, K. 2007. Characterization of tryptamine 5-hydroxylase and serotonin synthesis in rice plants. Plant Cell Reports, 26(11): 2009-2015.
29. 30.Kołodziejczyk, I., Bałabusta, M., Szewczyk, R., Posmyk, M. M. 2015. The levels of melatonin and its metabolites in conditioned corn (Zea mays L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds during storage. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 37(6): 105.
30. 31.Korkmaz, A., Değer, Ö., Cuci, Y. 2014. Profiling the melatonin content in organs of the pepper plant during different growth stages. Scientia Horticulturae, 172, 242-247.
31. 32.Korkmaz, A., Yakupoğlu, G., Köklü, Ş., Cuci, Y., Kocacinar, F. 2017. Determining diurnal and seasonal changes in melatonin andtryptophan contents of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Turkish Journal of Botany, 41(4): 356-366.
32. 33.Köklü, Ş., 2016. Melatoninin biber tohumlarının yaşlanması üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş, 98s.
33. 34.Khan, M., Rozhon, W., Poppenberger, B. 2014. The role of hormones in the aging of plants-a mini-review. Gerontology, 60(1): 49-55.
34. 35.Lerner, A.B., Case, J.D., Takahashi, Y., Lee, T.H., Mori, W. 1958. Isolation of melatonin, the pineal factor that lightness melanocytes. Journal of American Chemical Society, 80: 2587-2592.
35. 36.Liang, C., Zheng, G., Li, W., Wang, Y., Hu, B., Wang, H., Wu, H., Qian, Y., Zhu, X. G., Tan, D. X., Chen, S. Y., Chu, C. 2015. Melatonin delays leaf senescence and enhances salt stress tolerance in rice. Journal of Pineal Research, 59(1): 91-101.
36. 37.Ma, K. W., Ma, W. 2016. Phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection. Plant Molecular Biology, 91(6), 713-725.
37. 38.Manchester, L. C., Tan, D. X., Reiter, R. J., Park, W., Monis, K., Qi, W. 2000. High levels of melatonin in the seeds of edible plants: possible function in germ tissue protection. Life Sciences, 67(25): 3023-3029.
38. 39.Meng, J. F., Xu, T. F., Wang, Z. Z., Fang, Y. L., Xi, Z. M., Zhang, Z. W. 2014. The ameliorative effects of exogenous melatonin on grape cuttings under water‐deficient stress: antioxidant metabolites, leaf anatomy, and chloroplast morphology. Journal of Pineal Research, 57(2): 200-212.
39. 40.Murch, S. J., Saxena, P. K. 2002. Melatonin: a potential regulator of plant growth and development? In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 38(6): 531-536.
40. 41.Paredes, S. D., Korkmaz, A., Manchester, L. C., Tan, D. X., Reiter, R. J. 2009. Phytomelatonin: a review. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(1): 57-69.
41. 42.Park, S., Lee, K., Kim, Y. S., Back, K. 2012. Tryptamine 5‐hydroxylase‐deficient Sekiguchi rice induces synthesis of 5‐hydroxytryptophan and N‐acetyltryptamine but decreases melatonin biosynthesis during senescence process of detached leaves. Journal of Pineal Research, 52(2): 211-216.
42. 43.Posmyk, M. M., Janas, K. M. 2009. Melatonin in plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31(1): 1-11.
43. 44.Rajjou, L., Debeaujon, I. 2008. Seed longevity: survival and maintenance of high germination ability of dry seeds. Comptes rendus biologies, 331(10): 796-805.
44. 45.Reiter, R. J. 1991. Pineal melatonin: cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions. Endocrine reviews, 12(2): 151-180.
45. 46.Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Burkhardt, S., Manchester, L. C. 2001. Melatonin in plants. Nutrition reviews, 59(9): 286-290.
46. 47.Reiter, R. J., Manchester, L. C., Tan, D. X. 2005. Melatonin in walnuts: influence on levels of melatonin and total antioxidant capacity of blood. Nutrition, 21(9): 920-924.
47. 48.Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Simopoulos, A. P., Maldonado, M. D., Flores, L. J., Terron, M. P. 2007. Melatonin in edible plants (phytomelatonin): identification, concentrations, bioavailability and proposed functions. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 97: 211-230.
48. 49.Sarropoulou, V., Dimassi-Theriou, K., Therios, I., Koukourikou-Petridou, M. 2012. Melatonin enhances root regeneration, photosynthetic pigments, biomass, total carbohydrates and proline content in the cherry rootstock PHL-C (Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 61: 162-168.
49. 50.Sun, Q., Zhang, N., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Li, D., Shi, J., Li, R., Weeda, S., Zhao, B., Ren, S., & Guo, Y. D. 2015. Melatonin promotes ripening and improves quality of tomato fruit during postharvest life. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66(3): 657-668.
50. 51.Tal, O., Haim, A., Harel, O., Gerchman, Y. 2011. Melatonin as an antioxidant and its semi-lunar rhythm in green macroalga Ulva sp. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(6): 1903-1910. 52.Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Di Mascio, P., Martinez, G. R., Prado, F. M., Reiter, R. J. 2007. Novel rhythms of N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine and its precursor melatonin in water hyacinth: importance for phytoremediation. The FASEB Journal, 21(8): 1724-1729.
51. 53.Wang, P., Yin, L., Liang, D., Li, C., Ma, F., Yue, Z. 2012. Delayed senescence of apple leaves by exogenous melatonin treatment: toward regulating the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. Journal of Pineal Research, 53(1): 11-20.
52. 54.Wang, P., Sun, X., Chang, C., Feng, F., Liang, D., Cheng, L., Ma, F. 2013. Delay in leaf senescence of Malus hupehensis by long‐term melatonin application is associated with its regulation of metabolic status and protein degradation. Journal of Pineal Research, 55(4): 424-434. 55.Wolf, K., Kolář, J., Witters, E., van Dongen, W., van Onckelen, H., Macháčková, I. 2001. Daily profile of melatonin levels in Chenopodium rubrum L. depends on photoperiod. Journal of Plant Physiology, 158(11): 1491-1493.
53. 56.Yakupoğlu, G., 2016. Patlıcan (Solanum melongena L.)’da Melatonin içeriğinin ve üşüme stresine karşı etkisinin belirlenmesi (Doktora Tezi). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş, 103s.
54. 57.Yakupoğlu, G., Köklü, Ş., Karaca, A., Düver, E., Klicic, A., Korkmaz, A. 2018. Changes in melatonin content of pepper seeds during storage. Acta Horticulturae, 1273: 425-432.
55. 58.Yakupoğlu, G., Köklü, Ş., Karaca, A., Düver, E., Reıter, R. J., Korkmaz, A. 2021. Fluctuations in melatonin content and its effects on the ageing process in lettuce seeds during storage. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 20(3):77-88.
56. 59.Zuo, B., Zheng, X., He, P., Wang, L., Lei, Q., Feng, C., Zhou, J., Li, Q., Han, Z., Kong, J. 2014. Overexpression of MzASMT improves melatonin production and enhances drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Journal of Pineal Research, 57(4): 408-417.
57. 60.Zhao, Y., Tan, D. X., Lei, Q., Chen, H., Wang, L., Li, Q. T., Gao, Y., Kong, J. 2013. Melatonin and its potential biological functions in the fruits of sweet cherry. Journal of Pineal Research, 55(1): 79-88.
58. 61.Zhao, D., Yu, Y., Shen, Y., Liu, Q., Zhao, Z., Sharma, R., Reiter, R. J. 2019. Melatonin synthesis and function: evolutionary history in animals and plants. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10: 249.
59. 62.Zhang, N., Zhao, B., Zhang, H. J., Weeda, S., Yang, C., Yang, Z. C., Ren, S., Guo, Y. D. 2013. Melatonin promotes water‐stress tolerance, lateral root formation, and seed germination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Journal of Pineal Research, 54(1): 15-23.
60. 63.Zhang, H. J., Zhang, N. A., Yang, R. C., Wang, L., Sun, Q. Q., Li, D. B., Cao, Y.Y., Weeda, S., Zhao, B., Ren, S., Guo, Y. D. 2014. Melatonin promotes seed germination under high salinity by regulating antioxidant systems, ABA and GA4 interaction in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Journal of Pineal Research, 57(3): 269-279.