Turkey’s Domestic Car TOGG in the Framework of New Trends in Electric Vehicles and Consumer Ethnocentrism

Year 2023, , 115 - 128, 04.06.2023

Hafize Nurgül Durmuş Şenyapar , Mehmet Rıda Tür

https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1276683

Abstract

Rising energy demands, and technological requirements are causing the world to focus more and more on Electric Vehicles (EVs). Developing technologies for these needs accelerate the development of smart and sustainable transportation and builds smart cities of the future. In this context, Turkey’s Automobile Enterprise Group, known as TOGG, was established in Turkey in 2018 with six partners and joined the EV market. In this study, new trends and emerging EV technologies such as wireless charging, smart power distribution, vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid systems, connected vehicles, and autonomous driving for EVs are compared with TOGG technology; and its potential effects on the market are evaluated within the framework of consumer ethnocentrism. It also provides perspectives and recommendations for future smart transportation to serve as a guide for the future technological development and commercialization of EVs

Keywords

Turkey’s Domestic and National Car, TOGG, Electric Vehicles, Battery Systems, Autonomous Operation, Intelligent Systems, Consumer Ethnocentrism

References

• [1] L. Wang, V. Nian, H. Li, & Yuan, J. “Impacts of electric vehicle deployment on the electricity sector in a highly urbanised environment”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, 126386, (2021).
• [2] Y. Luo, Y. Wu, Li, B., Mo, T., Li, Y., Feng, S. P., ... & Chu, P. K. “Development and application of fuel cells in the automobile industry”. Journal of Energy Storage, 42, 103124, 2021.
• [3] A. Ajanovic, , A. Glatt, & R. Haas,” Prospects and impediments for hydrogen fuel cell buses. Energy”, 235, 121340, 2021.
• [4] V. Vaideeswaran, M. Ragul, V. Keerthana, & M. Prathiksha, “Review on Selection of Battery Packs for Pure Electric Vehicles and Technical Comparison of Battery Packs”. 2021 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT), pp.1-6, 2021.
• [5] J. C. Ho, & Y. H. S. Huang, “Evaluation of electric vehicle power technologies: Integration of technological performance and market preference”. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 5, 100063, (2022).
• [6] Yilmaz, M. "The Prediction of Electrical Vehicles' Growth Rate and Management of Electrical Energy Demand in Turkey." 2017 Ninth annual IEEE green technologies conference (GreenTech). IEEE, 2017.
• [7] S. Manzetti, & F. Mariasiu, “Electric vehicle battery technologies: From present state to future systems”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 1004-1012, 2015.
• [8] A. Fotouhi, , Auger, D. J., Propp, K., Longo, S., & Wild, M. “A review on electric vehicle battery modelling: From Lithium-ion toward Lithium–Sulphur.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 1008-1021, 2016).
• [9] A. E. Aliasand, & Josh, F. T. “Selection of motor foran electric vehicle: A review.” Materials Today: Proceedings, 24, 1804-1815., 2020.
• [10] M. L. De Klerk, & Saha, A. K. “A comprehensive review of advanced traction motor control techniques suitable for electric vehicle applications”. IEEE Access, 9, 125080-125108, (2021).
• [11] A. Ahmad, Z. A. Khan, Saad Alam, M., & Khateeb, S. “A review of the electric vehicle charging techniques, standards, progression, and evolution of EV technologies in Germany”. Smart Science, 6(1), 36-53, (2018).
• [12] X. Sun, Z. Li, X. Wang, & Li, C. “Technology development of electric vehicles: A review”. Energies, 13(1), 90, (2019).
• [13] G. Wu, X. Zhang, & Z. Dong, “Powertrain architectures of electrified vehicles: Review, classification and comparison”. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 352(2), 425-448, (2015).
• [14] Ş. İmre, F. Canıtez& D. Çelebi, “The Adoptıon Of Electrıc Vehıcles In Turkey: A Multı-Level Perspectıve.” Proceedıngs Book, 121, (2019).
• [15] Y. Gao, C. Duan, Oliveira, A. A., Ginart, A., Farley, K. B., & Tse, Z. T. H. “3-D coil positioning based on magnetic sensing for wireless EV charging.” IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 3(3), 578-588, (2017).
• [16] V. P. Galigekere, , J. Pries, O. C. Onar, G. J. Su, Anwar, S., Wiles, R., & J. Wilkins, “Design and implementation of an optimized 100 kW stationary wireless charging system for EV battery recharging”. In 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) (pp. 3587-3592). IEEE, . (2018).
• [17] A., Ahmad, Alam, M. S., & Chabaan, R. “A comprehensive review of wireless charging technologies for electric vehicles.” IEEE transactions on transportation electrification, 4(1), 38-63, (2017).
• [18] M. Amjad, Farooq-i-Azam, M., Ni, Q., Dong, M., & Ansari, E. A. “Wireless charging systems for electric vehicles.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 167, 112730, (2022).
• [19] C. Panchal, S. Stegen & J. Lu, Review of static and dynamic wireless electric vehicle charging system. Engineering science and technology, an international journal, 21(5), 922-937, (2018).
• [20] T. Campi, , Cruciani, S., De Santis, V., Maradei, F., & Feliziani, M. “EMC and EMF safety issues in wireless charging system for an electric vehicle (EV).” In 2017 International Conference of Electrical and Electronic Technologies for Automotive (pp. 1-4). IEEE, (2017).
• [21] Y. Gao, Farley, K. B., Ginart, A., & Z. T. H. “Tse, Safety and efficiency of the wireless charging of electric vehicles.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 230(9), 1196-1207, (2016).
• [22] M. I. Hasan, Mukta, N. A., Islam, M. M., Chowdhury, A. M. S., & Ismail, M. “Evaluation of fuel properties of Sal (Shorea robusta) seed and Its oil from their physico-chemical characteristics and thermal analysis”. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1-12, (2020).
• [23] P. Machura, & Li, Q. “A critical review on wireless charging for electric vehicles”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 104, 209-234, (2019).
• [24] O. Elma, “A dynamic charging strategy with hybrid fast charging station for electric vehicles. Energy, 202, 117680, 2020.
• [25] Y. Zheng, & Jian, L. “Smart charging algorithm of electric vehicles considering dynamic charging priority.” In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA) (pp. 555-560). IEEE, (2016).
• [26] J. Hu, Li, J., Hu, Z., Xu, L., & Ouyang, M. Power distribution strategy of a dual-engine system for heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles using dynamic programming. Energy, 215, 118851, (2021).
• [27] Celikel, R., M.Yilmaz, and A. Gundogdu. "A voltage scanning-based MPPT method for PV power systems under complex partial shading conditions." Renewable Energy 184 (2022): 361-373.
• [28] Jawad, M., Qureshi, M. B., Ali, S. M., Shabbir, N., Khan, M. U. S., Aloraini, A., & Nawaz, R. (2020). A cost-effective electric vehicle intelligent charge scheduling method for commercial smart parking lots using a simplified convex relaxation technique. Sensors, 20(17), 4842.
• [29] Yilmaz, M. "Real measure of a transmission line data with load fore-cast model for the future." Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 6.2 (2018): 141-145.
• [30] Sun, X. H., Yamamoto, T., & Morikawa, T. (2015). Charge timing choice behaviour of battery electric vehicle users. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 37, 97-107.
• [31] Arooj, A., Farooq, M. S., Akram, A., Iqbal, R., Sharma, A., & Dhiman, G. (2022). Big data processing and analysis in internet of vehicles: architecture, taxonomy, and open research challenges. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 29(2), 793-829.
• [32] Liu, C., & Ke, L. (2022). Cloud assisted Internet of things intelligent transportation system and the traffic control system in the smart city. Journal of Control and Decision, 1-14.
• [33] Tahir, M. N., & Katz, M. (2022). Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11 p, LTE and 5G in connected vehicles for cooperative awareness. Engineering Reports, 4(4), e12467.
• [34] Zhu, T., Ji, G., Jiang, G., Ding, Y., Feng, J., & Wang, C. (2021). Comparing and Analysis of Test and Evaluation Methods for Connected Vehicle Communication Antenna System. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2108, No. 1, p. 012007). IOP Publishing.
• [35] Mihailescu, M. I., Nita, S. L., & Rogobete, M. G. (2021). Authentication Protocol for Intelligent Cars using Fog Computing and Software-Defined Networking. In 2021 13th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
• [36] Kong, X., Wang, K., Hou, M., Hao, X., Shen, G., Chen, X., & Xia, F. (2021). A federated learning-based license plate recognition scheme for 5G-enabled internet of vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 17(12), 8523-8530.
• [37] Zhou, H., Xu, W., Chen, J., & Wang, W. (2020). Evolutionary V2X technologies toward the Internet of vehicles: Challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 108(2), 308-323.
• [38] Vadi, S., Bayindir, R., Colak, A. M., & Hossain, E. (2019). A review on communication standards and charging topologies of V2G and V2H operation strategies. Energies, 12(19), 3748.
• [39] Wang, Y., Sheikh, O., Hu, B., Chu, C. C., & Gadh, R. (2014). Integration of V2H/V2G hybrid system for demand response in distribution network. In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm) (pp. 812-817). IEEE.
• [40] Shin, H., & Baldick, R. (2016). Plug-in electric vehicle to home (V2H) operation under a grid outage. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 8(4), 2032-2041.
• [41] Tur, M. R., Colak, İ., & Bayindir, R. (2018). Effect of faults in solar panels on production rate and efficiency. In 2018 International Conference on Smart Grid (icSmartGrid) (pp. 287-293). IEEE.
• [42] Wadi, M., Baysal, M., Shobole, A., & Tur, M. R. (2018). Reliability evaluation in smart grids via modified Monte Carlo simulation method. In 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) (pp. 841-845). IEEE.
• [43] Shobole, A., Wadi, M., Tür, M. R., & Baysal, M. (2017). Real time active power control in smart grid. In 2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) (pp. 585-590). IEEE.
• [44] Shobole, A., Ali, M. H., Wadi, M., & TüR, M. R. (2019). Overview of big data in smart grid. In 2019 8th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) (pp. 1022-1025). IEEE.
• [45] Wadi, M., Shobole, A., Tur, M. R., & Baysal, M. (2018). Smart hybrid wind-solar street lighting system fuzzy based approach: Case study Istanbul-Turkey. In 2018 6th International Istanbul Smart Grids and Cities Congress and Fair (ICSG) (pp. 71-75). IEEE.
• [46] Tur, M. R., & Bayindir, R. (2019). Project surveys for determining and defining key performance indicators in the development of smart grids in energy systems. International Journal of Smart Grid, 3(2), 103-107.
• [47] Tur, M. R., & Bayindir, R. (2019). A review of active power and frequency control in smart grid. In 2019 1st Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM) (pp. 483- 488). IEEE.
• [48] Savio, D. A., Juliet, V. A., Chokkalingam, B., Padmanaban, S., Holm-Nielsen, J. B., & Blaabjerg, F. (2019). Photovoltaic integrated hybrid microgrid structured electric vehicle charging station and its energy management approach. Energies, 12(1), 168.
• [49] Islam, S., Iqbal, A., Marzband, M., Khan, I., & Al-Wahedi, A. M. (2022). State-of-the-art vehicle-to-everything mode of operation of electric vehicles and its future perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 166, 112574.
• [50] Bejgam, R. (2021). Brief Study and Review on the Next Revolutionary Autonomous Vehicle Technology. In 2021 International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE) (pp. 34-37). IEEE.
• [51] Sharma, B., & Noida, G. (2021). Online classes experience among students during lockdown. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 9(2), 247-254.
• [52] Williams, B. (2021). Automated Vehicles and MaaS: Removing the Barriers. John Wiley & Sons.
• [53] Péter, G., Kiss, B., & Tihanyi, V. (2019). Vision and odometry based autonomous vehicle lane changing. ICT Express, 5(4), 219-226.
• [54] Esfahani, M. A., Wang, H., Wu, K., & Yuan, S. (2019). AbolDeepIO: A novel deep inertial odometry network for autonomous vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 21(5), 1941-1950.
• [55] Zhang, Y., Sun, H., Zhou, J., Pan, J., Hu, J., & Miao, J. (2020). Optimal vehicle path planning using quadratic optimization for baidu apollo open platform. In 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) (pp. 978-984). IEEE.
• [56] Ersal, T., Kolmanovsky, I., Masoud, N., Ozay, N., Scruggs, J., Vasudevan, R., & Orosz, G. (2020). Connected and automated road vehicles: state of the art and future challenges. Vehicle system dynamics, 58(5), 672-704.
• [57] Mo, T., Li, Y., Lau, K. T., Poon, C. K., Wu, Y., & Luo, Y. (2022). Trends and Emerging Technologies for the Development of Electric Vehicles. Energies, 15(17), 6271.
• [58] 2021 International Council on Clean Transportation, https://www.ccacoalition.org/ en/partners/international-council-clean-transportation-icct
• [59] Öztürk, S., Taşçı, B. (2019). Son dakika... Yerli otomobil tanıtıldı! İşte ilk fotoğraflar (Last minute... Domestic car introduced! Here are the first photos). Hurriyet.com.tr.
• [60] Ertunç, M. A. (2019). Yerli otomobil tanıtıldı! İşte tüm özellikleri. (Domestic car introduced! Here are all the features). ShiftDelete.net. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020.
• [61] Peter Mock and Zifei Yang. A 2022 Update On Electric Car Sales: China Taking The Lead, The U.S. Catching Up, And Europe Falling Behind, August 19, 2022
• [62] Hossain, M. S., Kumar, L., El Haj Assad, M., & Alayi, R. (2022). Advancements and future prospects of electric vehicle technologies: a comprehensive review. Complexity, 2022.
• [63] Kocagöz, E., İğde, Ç. S., & Çetindağ, G. (2020). Elektrikli ve akıllı, yerli ve milli: Türkiye’nin Otomobili Girişim Grubu’nun tanıttığı araçlara yönelik tüketicilerin ilk değerlendirmeleri (Electric and smart, domestic and national: Consumers’ first evaluations of the vehicles introduced by Turkey’s Automobile Initiative Group). Erciyes Üniversity Journal of the Social Sciences Institute, (49), 55-74.
• [64] Turkish Statistical Institute (2020). Road Motor Vehicles, November 2020.Retrieved from https://turkstatweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33938.
• [65] Guo, X., & Bunchapattanasakda, C. (2020). Impacts of Consumer Ethnocentrism on Purchasing Intention of Electric Vehicles: A Case Study of Henan Province, China. International Business Research, 13(3), 1-59.
• [66] Li, W. K., & Wyer Jr, R. S. (1994). The role of country of origin in product evaluations: Informational and standard‐of‐comparison effects. Journal of Consumer psychology, 3(2), 187-212.
• [67] Balabanis, G., & Siamagka, N. T. (2017). Inconsistencies in the behavioural effects of consumer ethnocentrism: The role of brand, product category and country of origin. International Marketing Review, 34(2), 166-182.
• [68] Herche, J. (1992). A note on the predictive validity of the CETSCALE. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20(3), 261-264.
• [69] Wel, C. A. C., Alam, S. S., Khalid, N. R., & Mokhtaruddin, S. A. (2018). Effect of Ethnocentrism and Patriotism on the buying intention of Malaysian National Car. Jurnal Pengurusan, 52, 169-179.
• [70] Björck, L., & Lu, M. (2019). Consumer Perception of Brand Image: Country of Origin and Country of Ownership in Electric Vehicle Brands.
• [71] Khazaei, H. (2019). The influence of personal innovativeness and price value on intention to use of electric vehicles in Malaysia. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 8(3), pp-483.
• [72] Morton, C., Anable, J., & Nelson, J. D. (2016). Exploring consumer preferences towards electric vehicles: The influence of consumer innovativeness. Research in transportation business & management, 18, 18-28.
• [73] Asadi, S., Nilashi, M., Samad, S., Abdullah, R., Mahmoud, M., Alkinani, M. H., & Yadegaridehkordi, E. (2021). Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 282, 124474.
• [74] Tu, J. C., & Yang, C. (2019). Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric vehicles. Sustainability, 11(14), 3863.
• [75] Schuitema, G., Anable, J., Skippon, S., & Kinnear, N. (2013). The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 48, 39-49.
• [76] Egbue, O., & Long, S. (2012). Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions. Energy policy, 48, 717-729.
• [77] Vandecasteele, B., & Geuens, M. (2010). Motivated consumer innovativeness: Concept, measurement, and validation. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 27(4), 308-318.
• [78] Akin, M., Çiçek, R., Gurbuz, E., & İnal, M. E. (2009). Tuketici Etnosentrizmi ve Davranis Niyetleri Arasindaki Farkliligin Belirlenmesinde CETSCALE Olcegi. (The CETSCALE Scale in Determining the Difference Between Consumer Ethnocentrism and Behavioural Intentions) Ege Academic Review, 9(2), 489-512.
• [79] Erdogan, B. Z., & Uzkurt, C. (2010). Effects of ethnocentric tendency on consumers’ perception of product attitudes for foreign and domestic products. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal.
• [80] Acikdilli, G., Ziemnowicz, C., & Bahhouth, V. (2018). Consumer ethnocentrism in Turkey: Ours are better than theirs. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 30(1), 45-57.
• [81] Zeren, D., Kara, A., & Arango Gil, A. (2020). Consumer ethnocentrism and willingness to buy foreign products in emerging markets: Evidence from Turkey and Colombia. Latin American Business Review, 21(2), 145-172.
• [82] Ö. Gönül, , A. C. Duman, & Ö. Güler, Electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in Turkey: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143, 110913, (2021).
• [83] M. Aktan, Kamuoyunun Yerli Otomobil Projesini Algısı. Öneri Dergisi, 10(39), 1-9, (2013).
• [84] İbrahim, A. V. C. I. “Yerli Markalı Otomobil Satın Alma Niyetinde Etnosentrizm, Ülke İmajı ve Yenilikçiliğin Etkisi: Türkiye’nin Otomobili (TOGG) Bağlamında Bir Araştırma” (The Effect of Ethnocentrism, Country Image and Innovation on Intention to Buy Domestic Branded Cars: A Study in the Context of Turkey’s Automobile (Togg)). Bingöl Üniversity Journal of the Social Sciences Institute, (20), 439-466. (2020).
• [85] C. F. Calvillo, Sánchez-Miralles, A., & Villar, J. “Energy management and planning in smart cities”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 273-287., 2016.
• [86] C. F. Calvillo, Sánchez-Miralles, A., Villar, J., & Martín, F., “Impact of EV penetration in the interconnected urban environment of a smart city.” Energy, 141, 2218-2233, 2017