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Multilayer Radar Absorber Design with Grey Wolf Optimizer: Using Fabricated Literature Materials

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 493 - 504, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1741882
https://izlik.org/JA65TZ47BL

Abstract

This study introduces a versatile methodology for the design of multilayer radar absorbing materials (MRAM) using both virtual and experimentally reported materials from the literature. The Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm is utilized to minimize total absorber thickness while maximizing reflection loss across multiple frequency ranges. Initially, 16 virtual materials- derived from previously validated electromagnetic parameters-are used to explore a wide design space. The algorithm's performance is subsequently validated using real materials compiled from the literature. Original MRAM configurations are successfully developed for 2–8 GHz, 8–12 GHz, and 1–20 GHz frequency bands. The designs demonstrated high absorption performance, maintaining reflection losses below –10 dB across 0° to 40° incidence angles under both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations. In particular several optimized structures incorporating real materials achieved average reflection losses around –25 dB with total thicknesses below 1.2 mm, outperforming comparable designs in the literature. These findings confirm the effectiveness of GWO in producing compact, broadband, and angularly robust MRAM. The dual-stage approach, combining virtual exploration with real-material validation, highlights the algorithm’s potential for next-generation stealth, EMI shielding, and conformal absorber applications.

References

  • [1] Z. Chen et al., “Bioinspired moth-eye multi-mechanism composite ultra-wideband microwave absorber based on the graphite powder,” Carbon N Y, vol. 201, pp. 542–548, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.09.035.
  • [2] H. Yao, J. Yang, H. Li, J. Xu, and K. Bi, “Optimal design of multilayer radar absorbing materials: a simulation-optimization approach,” Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, vol. 6, no. 1, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s42114-023-00626-3.
  • [3] Şeyma ATICI, Enes YİĞİT, and Umut ÖZKAYA, “Design of Multilayer Radar Absorber Using Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm,” Izmir, 2023, ch. Chapter 4. [Online]. Available: www.duvaryayinlari.com
  • [4] E. Yigit and H. Duysak, “Fully optimized multilayer radar absorber design using multi-objective abc algorithm,” International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 136–145, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.26833/ijeg.743661.
  • [5] A. Swarnkar and A. Swarnkar, “Artificial intelligence based optimization techniques: A review,” in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Springer, 2020, pp. 95–103. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0214-9_12.
  • [6] E. Michielssen, J.-M. Sajer, S. Ranjithan, and R. Mittra, “Design of Lightweight, Broad-Band Microwave Absorbers Using Genetic Algorithms,” 1993. doi: 10.1109/22.238519.
  • [7] S. Roy, S. D. Roy, J. Tewary, A. Mahanti, and G. K. Mahanti, “Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimal Design of Broadband Multilayer Microwave Absorber for Wide Angle of Incidence,” 2015. doi: 10.2528/PIERB14122602.
  • [8] M. J. Asi and N. I. Dib, “Design of multilayer microwave broadband absorbers using central force optimization,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, no. 26, pp. 101–113, 2010, doi: 10.2528/PIERB10090103.
  • [9] S. Chamaani, S. A. Mirtaheri, and M. A. Shooredeli, “Design of very thin wide band absorbers using modified local best particle swarm optimization,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 549–556, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2007.06.001.
  • [10] N. Dib, M. Asi, and A. Sabbah, “On the optimal design of multilayer microwave absorbers,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 13, pp. 171–185, 2010, doi: 10.2528/PIERC10041310.
  • [11] B. Zhang, G. Lu, Y. Feng, J. Xiong, and H. Lu, “Electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties of Alnico powder composites,” J Magn Magn Mater, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 205–210, Apr. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.04.003.
  • [12] L. Wang et al., “Efficient ferrite/Co/porous carbon microwave absorbing material based on ferrite@metal–organic framework,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 326, pp. 945–955, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.006.
  • [13] S. Padhy, A. De, R. R. Debata, and R. S. Meena, “Design, Characterization, and Optimization of a Multilayer U-type Hexaferrite-Based Broadband Microwave Absorber,” IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1734–1742, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TEMC.2018.2805364.
  • [14] U. J. Mahanta, M. Borah, N. S. Bhattacharyya, and J. P. Gogoi, “High-Performance Broadband Microwave Absorbers Using Multilayer Dual-Phase Dielectric Composites,” J Electron Mater, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 2438–2448, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11664-019-07038-4.
  • [15] K. M. Hock, “Impedance matching for the multilayer medium - Toward a design methodology,” IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 908–914, Mar. 2003, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2003.808664.
  • [16] L. Jiang, J. Cui, L. Shi, and X. Li, “Pareto optimal design of multilayer microwave absorbers for wide-angle incidence using genetic algorithms,” IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 572–579, 2009, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2008.0059.
  • [17] S. Mirjalili, S. M. Mirjalili, and A. Lewis, “Grey Wolf Optimizer,” Advances in Engineering Software, vol. 69, pp. 46–61, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007.
  • [18] Toktas Abdurrahim, Ustun Deniz, Yigit Enes, Sabanci Kadir, and Tekbas Mustafa, Optimally synthesizing multilayer radar absorbing material (RAM) using artificial bee colony algorithm. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2018. doi: 10.1109/DIPED.2018.8543261.
  • [19] E. Yigit and H. Duysak, “Determination of Optimal Layer Sequence and Thickness for Broadband Multilayer Absorber Design Using Double-Stage Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm,” IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 3306–3317, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2019.2919574.
  • [20] B. Zhang, G. Lu, Y. Feng, J. Xiong, and H. Lu, “Electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties of Alnico powder composites,” J Magn Magn Mater, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 205–210, Apr. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.04.003.
  • [21] X. F. Zhang et al., “Microwave absorption properties of the carbon-coated nickel nanocapsules,” Appl Phys Lett, vol. 89, no. 5, 2006, doi: 10.1063/1.2236965.

Gri Kurt Optimizasyonu ile Çok Katmanlı Radar Absorber Tasarımı: Üretilmiş Literatür Malzemelerinin Kullanımı

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 493 - 504, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1741882
https://izlik.org/JA65TZ47BL

Abstract

Bu çalışma, hem sanal hem de literatürden deneysel olarak raporlanmış malzemeler kullanılarak çok katmanlı radar emici malzemelerin (MRAM) tasarımı için çok yönlü bir metodoloji sunmaktadır. Gri Kurt Optimizasyon (GWO) algoritması, toplam emici kalınlığını en aza indirirken birden fazla frekans aralığında yansıma kaybını en üst düzeye çıkarmak için kullanılır. Başlangıçta, daha önce doğrulanmış elektromanyetik parametrelerden türetilen 16 sanal malzeme, geniş bir tasarım alanını keşfetmek için kullanılır. Algoritmanın performansı daha sonra literatürden derlenen gerçek malzemeler kullanılarak doğrulanır. Orijinal MRAM konfigürasyonları 2–8 GHz, 8–12 GHz ve 1–20 GHz frekans bantları için başarıyla geliştirilmiştir. Tasarımlar, hem TE hem de TM polarizasyonları altında 0° ila 40° geliş açılarında yansıma kayıplarını -10 dB'nin altında tutarak yüksek emilim performansı göstermiştir. Özellikle gerçek malzemeler içeren birkaç optimize edilmiş yapı, 1,2 mm'nin altındaki toplam kalınlıklarda yaklaşık -25 dB ortalama yansıma kayıplarına ulaşarak literatürdeki benzer tasarımlardan daha iyi performans göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, GWO'nun kompakt, geniş bantlı ve açısal olarak dayanıklı MRAM üretmedeki etkinliğini doğrulamaktadır. Sanal keşfi gerçek malzeme doğrulamasıyla birleştiren çift aşamalı yaklaşım, algoritmanın yeni nesil gizlilik, EMI koruması ve konformal soğurucu uygulamaları için potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • [1] Z. Chen et al., “Bioinspired moth-eye multi-mechanism composite ultra-wideband microwave absorber based on the graphite powder,” Carbon N Y, vol. 201, pp. 542–548, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.09.035.
  • [2] H. Yao, J. Yang, H. Li, J. Xu, and K. Bi, “Optimal design of multilayer radar absorbing materials: a simulation-optimization approach,” Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, vol. 6, no. 1, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s42114-023-00626-3.
  • [3] Şeyma ATICI, Enes YİĞİT, and Umut ÖZKAYA, “Design of Multilayer Radar Absorber Using Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm,” Izmir, 2023, ch. Chapter 4. [Online]. Available: www.duvaryayinlari.com
  • [4] E. Yigit and H. Duysak, “Fully optimized multilayer radar absorber design using multi-objective abc algorithm,” International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 136–145, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.26833/ijeg.743661.
  • [5] A. Swarnkar and A. Swarnkar, “Artificial intelligence based optimization techniques: A review,” in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Springer, 2020, pp. 95–103. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0214-9_12.
  • [6] E. Michielssen, J.-M. Sajer, S. Ranjithan, and R. Mittra, “Design of Lightweight, Broad-Band Microwave Absorbers Using Genetic Algorithms,” 1993. doi: 10.1109/22.238519.
  • [7] S. Roy, S. D. Roy, J. Tewary, A. Mahanti, and G. K. Mahanti, “Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimal Design of Broadband Multilayer Microwave Absorber for Wide Angle of Incidence,” 2015. doi: 10.2528/PIERB14122602.
  • [8] M. J. Asi and N. I. Dib, “Design of multilayer microwave broadband absorbers using central force optimization,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, no. 26, pp. 101–113, 2010, doi: 10.2528/PIERB10090103.
  • [9] S. Chamaani, S. A. Mirtaheri, and M. A. Shooredeli, “Design of very thin wide band absorbers using modified local best particle swarm optimization,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 549–556, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2007.06.001.
  • [10] N. Dib, M. Asi, and A. Sabbah, “On the optimal design of multilayer microwave absorbers,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 13, pp. 171–185, 2010, doi: 10.2528/PIERC10041310.
  • [11] B. Zhang, G. Lu, Y. Feng, J. Xiong, and H. Lu, “Electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties of Alnico powder composites,” J Magn Magn Mater, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 205–210, Apr. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.04.003.
  • [12] L. Wang et al., “Efficient ferrite/Co/porous carbon microwave absorbing material based on ferrite@metal–organic framework,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 326, pp. 945–955, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.006.
  • [13] S. Padhy, A. De, R. R. Debata, and R. S. Meena, “Design, Characterization, and Optimization of a Multilayer U-type Hexaferrite-Based Broadband Microwave Absorber,” IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1734–1742, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TEMC.2018.2805364.
  • [14] U. J. Mahanta, M. Borah, N. S. Bhattacharyya, and J. P. Gogoi, “High-Performance Broadband Microwave Absorbers Using Multilayer Dual-Phase Dielectric Composites,” J Electron Mater, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 2438–2448, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11664-019-07038-4.
  • [15] K. M. Hock, “Impedance matching for the multilayer medium - Toward a design methodology,” IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 908–914, Mar. 2003, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2003.808664.
  • [16] L. Jiang, J. Cui, L. Shi, and X. Li, “Pareto optimal design of multilayer microwave absorbers for wide-angle incidence using genetic algorithms,” IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 572–579, 2009, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2008.0059.
  • [17] S. Mirjalili, S. M. Mirjalili, and A. Lewis, “Grey Wolf Optimizer,” Advances in Engineering Software, vol. 69, pp. 46–61, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007.
  • [18] Toktas Abdurrahim, Ustun Deniz, Yigit Enes, Sabanci Kadir, and Tekbas Mustafa, Optimally synthesizing multilayer radar absorbing material (RAM) using artificial bee colony algorithm. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2018. doi: 10.1109/DIPED.2018.8543261.
  • [19] E. Yigit and H. Duysak, “Determination of Optimal Layer Sequence and Thickness for Broadband Multilayer Absorber Design Using Double-Stage Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm,” IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 3306–3317, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2019.2919574.
  • [20] B. Zhang, G. Lu, Y. Feng, J. Xiong, and H. Lu, “Electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties of Alnico powder composites,” J Magn Magn Mater, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 205–210, Apr. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.04.003.
  • [21] X. F. Zhang et al., “Microwave absorption properties of the carbon-coated nickel nanocapsules,” Appl Phys Lett, vol. 89, no. 5, 2006, doi: 10.1063/1.2236965.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Electrical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şeyma Atıcı 0009-0009-9020-7593

Enes Yiğit 0000-0002-0960-5335

Submission Date July 14, 2025
Acceptance Date December 5, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1741882
IZ https://izlik.org/JA65TZ47BL
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Atıcı, Ş., & Yiğit, E. (2025). Multilayer Radar Absorber Design with Grey Wolf Optimizer: Using Fabricated Literature Materials. Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 13(4), 493-504. https://doi.org/10.17694/bajece.1741882

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