AZINLIK GİRİŞİMCİLİĞİ VE SOSYAL AĞ DEĞİŞKENLERİNİ ELE ALAN LİTERATÜR İNCELEMESİ VE TARTIŞMA

Abstract

Azınlık girişimciliği, bir ülkede yerleşik, çoğunluk nüfustan olmayan işletme sahipliği olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sosyal ağ kavramı ise, bir grup aktör ve onlar arasında var olan bağlantılarla ifade edilmektedir. Azınlık girişimciliği kavramını sosyal ağ boyutunda ele alan çalışmaları haritalayarak, bütüncül bir çerçeve sunmayı amaçlayan çalışma literatür analizi yapılarak, “azınlık girişimciliği” ve “sosyal ağ” değişkenlerini içeren makalelerin kapsamlı incelenmesi şeklinde tasarlanmıştır. Sosyal ağlar ve azınlık girişimciliği ile alakalı taranan çalışmalar sonucunda, kaynaklara erişim ve sosyal ağ kullanımının en çok, girişimcilik motivasyonunun ise, en az çalışılan değişken olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmanın azınlık girişimciliği ve sosyal ağ kavramlarını ele alan, uluslararası yazında çok az, ulusalda ise hiç çalışmanın bulunmaması ile bu alanda çalışmak isteyen akademisyenlere yol gösterici olması beklenmektedir.

Keywords

• etnik girişimcilik
• sosyal ağlar
• azınlık girişimciliği
• literatür analizi

LİTERATURE REVİEW AND DİSCUSSİON ON MİNORİTY ENTREPRENEURSHİP AND SOCİAL NETWORK VARİABLES

Abstract

Business owners who are resident in a country, are not from the majority population, are called minority entrepreneurs. The concept of social network, on the other hand, is expressed by a group of actors and the connections that exist between them. The study which aims to present a holistic framework by mapping the studies that deal with the concept of minority entrepreneurship in the social network dimension it was designed as a literature review which is one of the qualitative research methods and a comprehensive examination of the articles containing the "minority entrepreneurship" and "social network" variables. As a result of the scanned studies related to minority entrepreneurship and social networks, it was seen that access to resources and use of social networks were the most studied variables, while entrepreneurial motivation was the least studied variable. It is expected that the study will guide academics who want to work in this field, since there are very few studies in the international literature and no studies in the national literature.

Keywords

• ethnic entrepreneurship
• social networks
• minority entrepreneurship
• literature analysis

References

1. Altinay, L. & Altinay, E. (2006). Determinants of ethnic minority entrepreneurial growth in the catering sector. The Service Industries Journal, 26(2), 203-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060500369354 (Erişim Tarihi:12.05.2020).
2. Barr, M. S. (2015). Minority and women entrepreneurs: Building capital, networks, and skills. University of Michigan Law School,78(3), 2-25.
3. Bates, T., Jackson III, W. E. & Johnson Jr, J. H. (2007). Advancing research on minority entrepreneurship. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 613(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207303405 (Erişim Tarihi:12.05.2020).
4. Bates, T. (2011). Minority entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 7(3–4), 151-311.
5. Bates, T., Bradford, W. D. & Seamans, R. (2018). Minority entrepreneurship in twenty-first century America. Small Business Economics, 50(3), 415-427.
6. Bonacich, E. (1993). The other side of ethnic entrepreneurship: A dialogue with Waldinger, Aldrich, Ward and associates. International Migratio Review, 685-692.
7. Chaganti, R. & Greene, P. G. (2002). Who are ethnic entrepreneurs? A study of entrepreneursapos; ethnic involvement and business characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), 126-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00045 (Erişim Tarihi:10.05.2021).
8. Chan, J. B. & Cheung, Y. W. (1985). Ethnic resources and business enterprise: A study of Chinese businesses in Toronto. Human Organization, 44(2), 142-154.

9. Deakins, D., Ishaq, M., Smallbone, D., Whittam, G. & Wyper, J. (2007). Ethnic minority businesses in Scotland and the role of social capital. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 307-326.
10. De Vries, H. P. (2014). Does it really matter? Understanding the impact of engagement and beliefs on immigrant ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Small Enterprise Research, 21(1), 72-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2014.11082077 (Erişim Tarihi:14.05.2021).
11. Dixon, J. E. (2003). Pathways to success: Exploring the personal networks of female and minority entrepreneurs. The University of Texas at Austin.
12. Elo, M. (2016). Typology of diaspora entrepreneurship: Case studies in Uzbekistan. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 121-155. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10843-016-0177-9 (Erişim Tarihi:14.05.2021).
13. Fadahunsi, A., Smallbone, D. & Supri, S. (2000). Networking and ethnic minority enterprise development: insights from a North London study. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7(3), 228-240.
14. Fatoki, O., & Patswawairi, T. (2012). The motivations and obstacles to immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 32(2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2012.11893059 (Erişim Tarihi:18.06.2021).
15. Fuller-Love, N., Lim, L. & Akehurst, G. (2006). Guest editorial: female and ethnic minority entrepreneurship. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(4), 429-439.
16. Hisrich, R. D. & Brush, C. (1986). Characteristics of the minority entrepreneur. Journal of Small business management, 24, 1.
17. Jones, T., Ram, M. & Theodorakopoulos, N. (2010). Transnationalism as a force for ethnic minority enterprise? The case of Somalis in Leicester. International journal of urban and regional research, 34(3), 565-585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00913.x (Erişim Tarihi:18.06.2021).
18. Kitching, J., Smallbone, D. & Athayde, R. (2009). Ethnic diasporas and business competitiveness: Minority-owned enterprises in London. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 35(4), 689-705.
19. Kwong, C. C., Thompson, P., Jones‐Evans, D. & Brooksbank, D. (2009). Nascent entrepreneurial activity within female ethnic minority groups. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research.
20. Labrianidis, L. & Hatziprokopiou, P. (2010). Migrant entrepreneurship in Greece: diversity of pathways for emerging ethnic business communities in Thessaloniki. Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale, 11(2), 193-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-010-0134-8 (Erişim Tarihi:28.06.2021).
21. Lee, H. (2009). Dimensions of Entrepreneurship – A Study of First and Second Generation Ethnic Chinese in Melbourne (Doctora Tezi), Swinburne University of Technology.
22. Masurel, E., Nijkamp, P., Tastan, M. & Vindigni, G. (2002). Motivations and performance conditions for ethnic entrepreneurship. Growth and Change, 33(2), 238-260.
23. Menzies, T. V., Brenner, G. A. & Filion, L. J. (2003). Social capital, networks and ethnic minority entrepreneurs: transnational entrepreneurship and bootstrap capitalism. Globalization and entrepreneurship: Policy and strategy perspectives, 125-151.
24. Ram, M. (1994). Unravelling social networks in ethnic minority firms. International Small Business Journal, 12(3), 42-53.
25. Ram, M., Jones, T. & Villares-Varela, M. (2017). Migrant entrepreneurship: Reflections on research and practice. International Small Business Journal, 35(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0266242616678051 (Erişim Tarihi:28.06.2021).
26. Ramachandran, V., & Shah, M. K. (1999). Minority entrepreneurs and firm performance in sub‐Saharan Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 36(2), 71-87.
27. Riddle, L., Hrivnak, G. A. & Nielsen, T. M. (2010). Transnational diaspora entrepreneurship in emerging markets: Bridging institutional divides. Journal of International Management, 16(4), 398-411.
28. Sithas, M. T. M., & Dissanayake, D. M. R. (2019). Social network and ethnic minority entrepreneurship: A theoretical review and practices. Archives of Business Research, 7(6), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.76.6613 (Erişim Tarihi:28.06.2021).
29. Smith‐Hunter, A. E., & Boyd, R. L. (2004). Applying theories of entrepreneurship to a comparative analysis of white and minority women business owners. Women in Management Review.
30. Smith, R. A. & Mannon, S. E. (2020). Ethnic Entrepreneurship Without Ethnicity: Latino Entrepreneurs in Northern Utah. Sociological Spectrum, 1-15.
31. Volery, T. (2007). Ethnic entrepreneurship: a theoretical framework. Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship, 1, 30-41.
32. Zhou, M. (2004). Revisiting ethnic entrepreneurship: Convergencies, controversies, and conceptual advancements 1. International migration review, 38(3), 1040-1074.
33. Wang, C. L., & Altinay, L. (2012). Social embeddedness, entrepreneurial orientation and firm growth in ethnic minority small businesses in the UK. International Small Business Journal, 30(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0266242610366060 (Erişim Tarihi:2.07.2021).