Investigating the Relationship Among Coronavirus Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Sleep Quality During Covid-19 Pandemic

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 21 - 28, 15.03.2023

Zeynep Öztürk , Meyreme Aksoy , Gülcan Bahçecioğlu Turan

https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1151131

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Objective: This research aimed to examine the correlations between coronavirus anxiety, smartphone addiction, and sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: This study had a cross-sectional and correlational design. Snowball sampling was used. Data collection was done online with individuals from different cities around Türkiye between May – June 2021. The study was completed with 684 participants in total. For data collection, a personal information form, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the Smartphone Addiction Scale, and the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire were used. In the evaluation of the data, number, mean, percentile distributions, standard deviation, Pearson Correlation analysis and Linear Regression analysis were used. Results: The participants had mean scores of 2.33±3.34 for the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, 33.33±11.69 for the Smartphone Addiction Scale, and 61.29±22.75 for the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire. We found a negative correlation between mean sleep quality scores and mean coronavirus anxiety and smartphone addiction levels and a statistically significant positive correlation between mean coronavirus anxiety and smartphone addiction scores. Conclusion: This study revealed some correlations between coronavirus anxiety, smartphone addiction, and sleep quality in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. As coronavirus anxiety increased, sleep quality was found to decrease and smartphone addiction to increased. Besides, sleep quality was reduced as smartphone addiction increased

Keywords

Anxiety, COVID-19, smartphone, sleep

Supporting Institution

yok

Project Number

yok

Thanks

The authors would like to extend their sincere thanks to anyone who contributed to this study.

Covid-19 Pandemisinde Koronavirus Anksiyetesi, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Uyku Kalitesi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 pandemisinde koronavirus anksiyetesi, akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve uyku kalitesi arasindaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma kesitsel ve ilişki arayıcı türde yapıldı. Araştırmada tesadüfi olmayan örnekleme yöntemi olan kartopu örnekleme yöntemi kullanıldı. Araştırma verileri Türkiye’nin farklı illerinden bireylerle Mayıs- Haziran 2021 tarihleri arasında online olarak toplandı. Araştırma toplam 684 kişiyle tamamlandı. Araştırma verileri “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Koronavirus Anksiyete Ölçeği”, “Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği” ve “Richards Cambell Uyku Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplandı. Verilerin değerlendirmesinde; sayı, ortalama, yüzdelik dağılımlar, standart sapma, Pearson Korelasyon analizi ve Linear Regresyon analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Katılımcıların Koronavirus Anksiyetesi Ölçeği’nin toplam puan ortalamasının 2.33±3.34 olduğu, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği toplam puan ortalamasının 33.33±11.69 ve Richards Cambell Uyku Ölçeği toplam puan ortalamasının ise 61.29±22.75 olduğu bulundu. Katılımcıların uyku kalitesi düzeyleri ile koronavirus anksiyetesi ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı puan ortalamaları arasında negatif yönde; koronavirus anksiyetesi ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı puan ortalamaları arasında ise pozitif yönde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç: COVID-19 pandemisinde genel nüfusun koronavirüs anksiyetesi, akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve uyku kalitesi düzeylerinin birbiriyle ilişkili olduğu tespit edildi. Katılımcıların koronavirüs anksiyete düzeyi arttıkça; uyku kalitesinin azaldığı, akıllı telefon bağımlılığı düzeyinin ise arttığı belirlendi. Ayrıca akıllı telefon bağımlılığı arttıkça, uyku kalitesinin azaldığı bulundu.

Keywords

Anksiyete, Akıllı telefon, COVID-19, Uyku

Project Number

yok

References

• Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13052. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13052.
• Arpaci, I., Karatas, K., Kiran, F., Kusci, I., & Topcu, A. (2021). Mediating role of positivity in the relationship between state anxiety and problematic social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Death Studies, 1-11. DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1923588.
• Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010). Sleep and emotions: a focus on insomnia. Sleep medicine reviews, 14(4), 227-238.
• Bäuerle, A., Teufel, M., Musche, V., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Hetkamp, M., Skoda, E.-M. (2020). Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany. Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 672-678. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa106.
• Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019). The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease. Physiological Reviews.
• Caponnetto, P., Inguscio, L., Valeri, S., Maglia, M., Polosa, R., Lai, C., & Mazzoni, G. (2021). Smartphone addiction across the lifetime during Italian lockdown for COVID-19. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 1-11.
• Cardinali, D. P., Srinivasan, V., Brzezinski, A., & Brown, G. M. (2012). Melatonin and its analogs in insomnia and depression. Journal of Pineal Research, 52(4), 365-375.
• Casagrande, M., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Forte, G. (2020). The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Medicine, 75, 12-20.
• Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13074.
• Citó, E. B. C., Gondim, D. V., Júnior, J. L. M. F., Damasceno, P. S., & Teixeira, A. K. M. (2022). Smartphone addiction in COVID-19 pandemic times: a longitudinal study with brazilian dental students. Revista da ABENO, 22(2), 1-12.
• Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, Statistics and Research. (2021). Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations.
• Çapık, C. (2014). İstatistiksel güç analizi ve hemşirelik araştirmalarinda kullanimi: temel bilgiler. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(4).
• Davies, N. G., Jarvis, C. I., Edmunds, W. J., Jewell, N. P., Diaz-Ordaz, K., Keogh, R. H., & Group, C. C. W. (2021). Increased hazard of death in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern 202012/01. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.01.21250959.
• de Freitas, B. H. B. M., Gaíva, M. A. M., Diogo, P. M. J., & Bortolini, J. (2022). Self-reported smartphone addiction among Brazilian adolescents in the COVID-19 pandemic context: a mixed-method study. Trends in Psychology, 1-20. doi: 10.1007/s43076-022-00208-0.
• Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85-92.
• Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. (2020). COVID-19 anxiety symptoms associated with problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 576-582.
• Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2020). Fear of missing out (FOMO): overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0870.
• Fu, S., Chen, X., & Zheng, H. (2021). Exploring an adverse impact of smartphone overuse on academic performance via health issues: a stimulus-organism-response perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 40(7), 663-675.
• Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos one, 15(4), e0231924.
• Gao, Q., Yan, Z., Zhao, C., Pan, Y., & Mo, L. (2014). To ban or not to ban: Differences in mobile phone policies at elementary, middle, and high schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 25-32.
• Garcia-Priego, B. A., Triana-Romero, A., Pinto-Galvez, S. M., Duran-Ramos, C., Salas-Nolasco, O., Reyes, M. M., Troche, J. M. R. (2020). Anxiety, depression, attitudes, and internet addiction during the initial phase of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic: A cross-sectional study in México. MedRxiv.
• Güngör, B. (2020). Türkiye’de COVID-19 Pandemisi Süresince Alınan Önlemlerin Kriz Yönetimi Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi(4), 818-851. https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.811463.
• Heo, J.-Y., Kim, K., Fava, M., Mischoulon, D., Papakostas, G. I., Kim, M. J., Yu, B.-H. (2017). Effects of smartphone use with and without blue light at night in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled comparison. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 87, 61-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.010.
• Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954.
• Huarcaya-Victoria, J., Villarreal-Zegarra, D., Podestà, A., & Luna-Cuadros, M. A. (2020). Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the fear of COVID-19 scale in general population of Lima, Peru. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-14.
• Jahrami, H., BaHammam, A. S., Bragazzi, N. L., Saif, Z., Faris, M., & Vitiello, M. V. (2021). Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 17(2), 299-313.
• Kayis, A. R., Satici, B., Deniz, M. E., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the Turkish general population: a serial mediation model. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1933181.
• Kwon, M., Lee, J.-Y., Won, W.-Y., Park, J.-W., Min, J.-A., Hahn, C., Kim, D. J. (2013). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PloS one, 8(2), e56936.
• Li, Y., Qin, Q., Sun, Q., Sanford, L. D., Vgontzas, A. N., & Tang, X. (2020). Insomnia and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 16(8), 1417-1418. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8524.
• Liu, Q. Q., Zhou, Z.-K., Yang, X. J., Kong, F. C., Niu, G. F., & Fan, C.-Y. (2017). Mobile phone addiction and sleep quality among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.042.
• Marelli, S., Castelnuovo, A., Somma, A., Castronovo, V., Mombelli, S., Bottoni, D., Ferini-Strambi, L. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and administration staff. Journal of Neurology, 268(1), 8-15.
• Montemurro, N. (2020). The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people. Brain, behavior, and immunity.
• Noyan, C. O., Darçin, A. E., Nurmedov, S., Yilmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akilli Telefon Bagimliligi Ölçeginin Kisa Formunun üniversite ögrencilerindeTürkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalismasi/Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version among university students. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16, 73.
• Ogueji, I. A., Okoloba, M. M., & Ceccaldi, B. M. D. (2021). Coping strategies of individuals in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, 1-7.
• Öz, F. (2010). Sağlık Alanında Temel Kavramlar (2.Baskı ed.). Ankara: : Mattek Matbaacılık.
• Prati, G., & Mancini, A. D. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: a review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Psychological Medicine, 1-11. doi: 10.1017/S0033291721000015.
• Rettie, H., & Daniels, J. (2020). Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: Predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(3), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710.
• Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 790. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790.
• Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and health, 16(1), 1-11.
• Shultz, J. M., Cooper, J. L., Baingana, F., Oquendo, M. A., Espinel, Z., Althouse, B. M., McCoy, C. B. (2016). The role of fear-related behaviors in the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola virus disease outbreak. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(11), 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s11920-016-0741-y.
• Sülün, A. A., Yayan, E. H., & Düken, M. E. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 Epidemic on Smartphone use and Sleep in Adolescents. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi= Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 28(Special Issue), 35.
• UNDP. ( 2020). COVID-19 pandemic response. Retrieved from https://www.bd.undp.org/content/bangladesh/en/home/coronavirus/.
• Vahedi, Z., & Saiphoo, A. (2018). The association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: A meta‐analytic review. Stress and Health, 34(3), 347-358.
• Van Deursen, A. J. (2020). Digital inequality during a pandemic: quantitative study of differences in COVID-19–related internet uses and outcomes among the general population. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e20073.
• Voitsidis, P., Gliatas, I., Bairachtari, V., Papadopoulou, K., Papageorgiou, G., Parlapani, E., Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Greek population. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113076.
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
• Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210-218.
• WHO. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard.
• Wolniewicz, C. A., Rozgonjuk, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2020). Boredom proneness and fear of missing out mediate relations between depression and anxiety with problematic smartphone use. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.159.
• Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e923549-923541. doi: 10.12659/MSM.923549.
• Yang, J., Fu, X., Liao, X., & Li, Y. (2020). Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 284, 112686. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112686.