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Determination of Post-Earthquake Stress and Anxiety Levels of Individuals in Kahramanmaraş Province, the Center of the Earthquake

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 636 - 645, 25.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1454479

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to examine the frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (TSSS), anxiety, and depression disorders in victims of the February 6, 2023, earthquake in Turkey. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Kahramanmaraş province, which was the most damaged by the earthquake, six months after the earthquake that shook Turkey on February 6, 2023. In the research, a personal information form was used to collect demographic data and a Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale was used to evaluate TSSS symptoms. The Earthquake Anxiety Attitude Scale was used to measure anxiety levels.Results: The mean age of the 570 participants was 28.86±10.71 years, and 77.5% were female. 65.1% of the participants were single, 48.4% had less income than expenses, 78.9% had a university degree or higher, and 51.2% were unemployed. The study revealed the presence of significant mental health problems. 58% of participants reported high levels of anxiety, 55% had symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (TSSS), and 43% had comorbid depression with TSSS. The study found a strong and positive relationship between earthquake anxiety and the Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that a significant portion of earthquake victims in Turkey experienced mental health problems such as TSSS, anxiety, and depression even 5 months later. These findings clearly demonstrate that the traumatic effects of the earthquake can be long-lasting and that immediate and long-term mental health support is needed in affected areas. The importance of long-term mental health interventions to improve mental health after the earthquake is emphasized.

References

  • Amiri, H., Riyahifar, S., Nakhaee, N., & Nekoei-Moghadam, M. (2022). The long-term impact of the earthquake on substance use. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-022-00449-x
  • Azap, A. (2023). 6th February earthquakes and ınfectious diseases: what are the turkish society of clinical microbiology and ınfectious diseases and klimik journal doing? Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal, 36(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.36519/kd.2022.4597
  • Bal, F., & Akgül, Ö. (2023). Deprem kaygısına yönelik tutum ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Asos Journal, 77-96.https://doi.org/DOI : 10.29228/ASOS.68461
  • Bianchini, V., Roncone, R., Giusti, L., Casacchia, M., Cifone, M., & Pollice, R. (2015). TSSS growth and substance abuse among a college student community: coping strategies after 2009 l’aquila earthquake. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health : CP & EMH, 11, 140-143. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901511010140
  • Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S.-E., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046
  • Cerdá, M., Paczkowski, M., Galea, S., Nemethy, K., Péan, C., & Desvarieux, M. (2013). Psychopathology ın the aftermath of the haıtı earthquake: a populatıon-based study of posttraumatıc stress dısorder and major depression. Depression andanxiety,30(5),413-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22007
  • Cofini, V., Carbonelli, A., Cecilia, M. R., Binkin, N., & di Orio, F. (2015). Post traumatic stress disorder and coping in a sample of adult survivors of the Italian earthquake. Psychiatry Research, 229(1-2),Article1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.041
  • Erskine, N., Daley, V., Stevenson, S., Rhodes, B., & Beckert, L. (2013). Smoking Prevalence ıncreases following canterbury earthquakes. The Scientific World Journal, 596957. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/596957
  • Fan, F., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Mo, L., & Liu, X. (2011). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20599
  • Fong, K. N. K., Law, Y. M., Luo, L., Zhao, Z. E., Chen, H., Ganesan, B., Lai, AgnesW. Y., Lee, B. H. C., Leung, A. N. T., Liu, K. Y. S., Wong, C. S. M., Li, C. W. P., Wong, M. S., & Shum, D. H. K. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder (TSSS) after an earthquake experience: A cross-sectional survey of Wenchuan earthquake victims with physical disabilities 10 years later. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103225
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. SPSS for windows step by step: a simple guide and reference, (10a ed.), Pearson, Boston, 2010. Guo, J., Wu, P., Tian, D., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., & Qu, Z. (2014). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder among adult survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake in China: A repeated cross-sectional study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.001
  • Han, K.-M., Kim, K.-H., Lee, M., Lee, S.-M., Ko, Y.-H., & Paik, J.-W. (2017). Increase in the prescription rate of antidepressants after the Sewol Ferry disaster in Ansan, South Korea. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.026
  • Kaba, İ. (2019). Stres, ruh sağlığı ve stres yönetimi: güncel bir gözden geçirme. 63, 73-81.
  • Kesgin, M. T. (2023). Afetler ve hemşirelik. Yaşam Boyu Hemşirelik Dergisi, 1(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.29228/llnursing.69152
  • Kocoglu, E., Demir, F., Oteles, U., & Ozeren, E. (2023). Post-Earthquake trauma levels of university students evaluation: example of 6 february kahramanmaras earthquake. Higher Education Studies, 13(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v13n2p121
  • Kono, S., & Shinew, K. J. (2015). Roles of Leisure in the Post-Disaster Psychological Recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Leisure Sciences, 37(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2014.935836
  • Kotozaki, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2012). Effects of the Higashi-Nihon earthquake: Posttraumatic stress, psychological changes, and cortisol levels of survivors. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034612
  • Kuo, C.-J., Tang, H.-S., Tsay, C.-J., Lin, S.-K., Hu, W.-H., & Chen, C.-C. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among bereaved survivors of a disastrous earthquake in taiwan. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 54(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.2.249
  • Kurt, E., & Gülbahçe, A. (2019). Van depremini yaşayan öğrencilerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeylerinin incelenmesi, 23(3),957-972
  • Mukherjee, S., Dutta, S., Majumdar, S., Biswas, T., Jaiswal, P., Sengupta, M., Bhattacharya, A., Gangopadhyay, P. K., Bavdekar, A., Das, S. K., & Ray, K. (2014). Genetic defects in Indian Wilson disease patients and genotype-phenotype correlation. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 20(1),75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.09.021
  • Nakajima, S. (2013). Post-Earthqake Psychology. The Medical Journal of Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, 28(Supp 2), 2. https://doi.org/10.5222/otd.supp2.2012.150
  • Nakano, H., Ohira, T., Maeda, M., Yabe, H., Ohtsuru, A., Suzuki, Y., Harigane, M., Horikoshi, N., Nagai, M., Zhang, W., Takahashi, H., Yasumura, S., Iso, H., & Kamiya, K. (2018). Associations of disaster-related and psychosocial factors with changes in smoking status after a disaster: A cross-sectional survey after the Great East Japan Earthquake. BMJ Open, 8(6), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018943
  • Osaki, Y., Maesato, H., Minobe, R., Kinjo, A., Kuwabara, Y., Imamoto, A., Myoga, Y., Matsushita, S., & Higuchi, S. (2020). Changes in smoking behavior among victims after the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 25, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00858-5
  • Rajabi, M. S., Taghaddos, H., & Zahrai, S. M. (2022). Buildings ımproving emergency training for earthquakes through ımmersive virtual environments and anxiety tests: a case study. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/11/1850
  • Rossi, A., Maggio, R., Riccardi, I., Allegrini, F., & Stratta, P. (2011). A quantitative analysis of antidepressant and antipsychotic prescriptions following an earthquake in Italy. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 129-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20607
  • Sharma, V., Levin, B. L., Rahill, G. J., Baldwin, J. A., Luitel, A., & Marhefka, S. L. (2021). Post-earthquake self-reported depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder and their correlates among college-youths in Kathmandu, Nepal. psychiatric quarterly, 92(4),1595-1609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-021-09928-5
  • Thapa, R., Rijal, H. B., & Shukuya, M. (2018). Field study on acceptable indoor temperature in temporary shelters built in Nepal after massive earthquake 2015. Building and Environment, 135, 330-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.001
  • Trifirò, G., Italiano, D., Alibrandi, A., Sini, G., Ferrajolo, C., Capuano, A., Spina, E., Rossi, A., Caserta group, & L’Aquila group, null. (2013). Effects of L’Aquila earthquake on the prescribing pattern of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy,35(6),1053-1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-013-9822-8
  • Tural, U., Coşkun, B., Onder, E., Corapçioğlu, A., Yildiz, M., Kesepara, C., Karakaya, I., Aydin, M., Erol, A., Torun, F., & Aybar, G. (2004). Psychological consequences of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10960-004-5793-9
  • Türkkan, T., & Hatipoğlu, E. (2024). Factors Affecting the Mental Health of Youth After the Great Kahramanmaras Earthquake Disaster. Journal of Social Service Research, 0(0), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2024.2352158
  • Xi, Y., Yu, H., Yao, Y., Peng, K., Wang, Y., & Chen, R. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of resilience, social support, anxiety and depression after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: A structural equation model. Asian Journal of Psychiatry,49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101958
  • Zhang, Y.-Y., Han, W.-L., Qin, W., Yin, H.-X., Zhang, C.-F., Kong, C., & Wang, Y.-L. (2018). Extent of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout in nursing: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(7), 810-819. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12589

Depremin Merkezi Kahramanmaraş İlinde Bireylerin Deprem Sonrası Stres ve Kaygı Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 636 - 645, 25.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1454479

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, 6 Şubat 2023 depreminin Türkiye'deki mağdurlarda travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB), anksiyete ve depresyon bozukluğu sıklığını incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma, 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Türkiye'yi sarsan depremden altı ay sonra, depremden en çok etkilenen Kahramanmaraş ilinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada demografik verilerin toplanmasına yönelik kişisel bilgi formu, TSSB belirtilerini değerlendirmek için Travmatik Stres Belirti Ölçeği. Kaygı düzeylerini ölçmek için Deprem Kaygısına İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 570 katılımcının yaş ortalaması 28,86±10,71 yıl olup, %77,5’i kadındı. Katılımcıların %65,1’i bekar, %48,4’ünün geliri giderinden azdı, %78,9’unun üniversite veya daha yüksek derecesi vardı ve %51,2’si işsizdi. Çalışmada önemli ruhsal sağlık sorunlarının varlığı ortaya konuldu. Katılımcıların %58’i yüksek düzeyde kaygı yaşadığını, %55’inde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) belirtileri olduğunu ve %43’ünde TSSB ile birlikte eş zamanlı depresyon bulunduğunu bildirdi. Çalışmada deprem kaygısı ile Travma Stres Belirti Ölçeği arasında güçlü ve pozitif bir ilişki bulundu.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızın sonuçları, Türkiye'deki depremzedelerin önemli bir kısmının 5 ay sonra travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB), anksiyete ve depresyon gibi ruh sağlığı sorunları yaşadığını göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, depremin travmatik etkilerinin uzun süreli olabileceğini ve etkilenen bölgelerde acil ve uzun vadeli ruh sağlığı desteğine ihtiyaç olduğunu açıkça ortaya çıkarıyor. Deprem sonrası ruh sağlığını iyileştirmek için uzun süreli ruh sağlığı müdahalelerinin önemi vurgulanmaktadır

References

  • Amiri, H., Riyahifar, S., Nakhaee, N., & Nekoei-Moghadam, M. (2022). The long-term impact of the earthquake on substance use. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 15(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-022-00449-x
  • Azap, A. (2023). 6th February earthquakes and ınfectious diseases: what are the turkish society of clinical microbiology and ınfectious diseases and klimik journal doing? Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal, 36(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.36519/kd.2022.4597
  • Bal, F., & Akgül, Ö. (2023). Deprem kaygısına yönelik tutum ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Asos Journal, 77-96.https://doi.org/DOI : 10.29228/ASOS.68461
  • Bianchini, V., Roncone, R., Giusti, L., Casacchia, M., Cifone, M., & Pollice, R. (2015). TSSS growth and substance abuse among a college student community: coping strategies after 2009 l’aquila earthquake. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health : CP & EMH, 11, 140-143. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901511010140
  • Cénat, J. M., McIntee, S.-E., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046
  • Cerdá, M., Paczkowski, M., Galea, S., Nemethy, K., Péan, C., & Desvarieux, M. (2013). Psychopathology ın the aftermath of the haıtı earthquake: a populatıon-based study of posttraumatıc stress dısorder and major depression. Depression andanxiety,30(5),413-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22007
  • Cofini, V., Carbonelli, A., Cecilia, M. R., Binkin, N., & di Orio, F. (2015). Post traumatic stress disorder and coping in a sample of adult survivors of the Italian earthquake. Psychiatry Research, 229(1-2),Article1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.041
  • Erskine, N., Daley, V., Stevenson, S., Rhodes, B., & Beckert, L. (2013). Smoking Prevalence ıncreases following canterbury earthquakes. The Scientific World Journal, 596957. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/596957
  • Fan, F., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Mo, L., & Liu, X. (2011). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20599
  • Fong, K. N. K., Law, Y. M., Luo, L., Zhao, Z. E., Chen, H., Ganesan, B., Lai, AgnesW. Y., Lee, B. H. C., Leung, A. N. T., Liu, K. Y. S., Wong, C. S. M., Li, C. W. P., Wong, M. S., & Shum, D. H. K. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder (TSSS) after an earthquake experience: A cross-sectional survey of Wenchuan earthquake victims with physical disabilities 10 years later. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103225
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. SPSS for windows step by step: a simple guide and reference, (10a ed.), Pearson, Boston, 2010. Guo, J., Wu, P., Tian, D., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., & Qu, Z. (2014). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder among adult survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake in China: A repeated cross-sectional study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.001
  • Han, K.-M., Kim, K.-H., Lee, M., Lee, S.-M., Ko, Y.-H., & Paik, J.-W. (2017). Increase in the prescription rate of antidepressants after the Sewol Ferry disaster in Ansan, South Korea. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.026
  • Kaba, İ. (2019). Stres, ruh sağlığı ve stres yönetimi: güncel bir gözden geçirme. 63, 73-81.
  • Kesgin, M. T. (2023). Afetler ve hemşirelik. Yaşam Boyu Hemşirelik Dergisi, 1(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.29228/llnursing.69152
  • Kocoglu, E., Demir, F., Oteles, U., & Ozeren, E. (2023). Post-Earthquake trauma levels of university students evaluation: example of 6 february kahramanmaras earthquake. Higher Education Studies, 13(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v13n2p121
  • Kono, S., & Shinew, K. J. (2015). Roles of Leisure in the Post-Disaster Psychological Recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Leisure Sciences, 37(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2014.935836
  • Kotozaki, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2012). Effects of the Higashi-Nihon earthquake: Posttraumatic stress, psychological changes, and cortisol levels of survivors. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034612
  • Kuo, C.-J., Tang, H.-S., Tsay, C.-J., Lin, S.-K., Hu, W.-H., & Chen, C.-C. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among bereaved survivors of a disastrous earthquake in taiwan. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 54(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.2.249
  • Kurt, E., & Gülbahçe, A. (2019). Van depremini yaşayan öğrencilerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeylerinin incelenmesi, 23(3),957-972
  • Mukherjee, S., Dutta, S., Majumdar, S., Biswas, T., Jaiswal, P., Sengupta, M., Bhattacharya, A., Gangopadhyay, P. K., Bavdekar, A., Das, S. K., & Ray, K. (2014). Genetic defects in Indian Wilson disease patients and genotype-phenotype correlation. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 20(1),75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.09.021
  • Nakajima, S. (2013). Post-Earthqake Psychology. The Medical Journal of Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, 28(Supp 2), 2. https://doi.org/10.5222/otd.supp2.2012.150
  • Nakano, H., Ohira, T., Maeda, M., Yabe, H., Ohtsuru, A., Suzuki, Y., Harigane, M., Horikoshi, N., Nagai, M., Zhang, W., Takahashi, H., Yasumura, S., Iso, H., & Kamiya, K. (2018). Associations of disaster-related and psychosocial factors with changes in smoking status after a disaster: A cross-sectional survey after the Great East Japan Earthquake. BMJ Open, 8(6), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018943
  • Osaki, Y., Maesato, H., Minobe, R., Kinjo, A., Kuwabara, Y., Imamoto, A., Myoga, Y., Matsushita, S., & Higuchi, S. (2020). Changes in smoking behavior among victims after the great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 25, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00858-5
  • Rajabi, M. S., Taghaddos, H., & Zahrai, S. M. (2022). Buildings ımproving emergency training for earthquakes through ımmersive virtual environments and anxiety tests: a case study. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/11/1850
  • Rossi, A., Maggio, R., Riccardi, I., Allegrini, F., & Stratta, P. (2011). A quantitative analysis of antidepressant and antipsychotic prescriptions following an earthquake in Italy. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 129-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20607
  • Sharma, V., Levin, B. L., Rahill, G. J., Baldwin, J. A., Luitel, A., & Marhefka, S. L. (2021). Post-earthquake self-reported depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder and their correlates among college-youths in Kathmandu, Nepal. psychiatric quarterly, 92(4),1595-1609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-021-09928-5
  • Thapa, R., Rijal, H. B., & Shukuya, M. (2018). Field study on acceptable indoor temperature in temporary shelters built in Nepal after massive earthquake 2015. Building and Environment, 135, 330-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.001
  • Trifirò, G., Italiano, D., Alibrandi, A., Sini, G., Ferrajolo, C., Capuano, A., Spina, E., Rossi, A., Caserta group, & L’Aquila group, null. (2013). Effects of L’Aquila earthquake on the prescribing pattern of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy,35(6),1053-1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-013-9822-8
  • Tural, U., Coşkun, B., Onder, E., Corapçioğlu, A., Yildiz, M., Kesepara, C., Karakaya, I., Aydin, M., Erol, A., Torun, F., & Aybar, G. (2004). Psychological consequences of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10960-004-5793-9
  • Türkkan, T., & Hatipoğlu, E. (2024). Factors Affecting the Mental Health of Youth After the Great Kahramanmaras Earthquake Disaster. Journal of Social Service Research, 0(0), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2024.2352158
  • Xi, Y., Yu, H., Yao, Y., Peng, K., Wang, Y., & Chen, R. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of resilience, social support, anxiety and depression after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: A structural equation model. Asian Journal of Psychiatry,49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101958
  • Zhang, Y.-Y., Han, W.-L., Qin, W., Yin, H.-X., Zhang, C.-F., Kong, C., & Wang, Y.-L. (2018). Extent of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout in nursing: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(7), 810-819. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12589
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mental Health Nursing
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ömer Tanrıverdi 0000-0001-7103-867X

Ayse Soylu

Yasemin Sazak

Publication Date December 25, 2024
Submission Date March 17, 2024
Acceptance Date October 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tanrıverdi, Ö., Soylu, A., & Sazak, Y. (2024). Determination of Post-Earthquake Stress and Anxiety Levels of Individuals in Kahramanmaraş Province, the Center of the Earthquake. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 636-645. https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1454479

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