Comparison of Clinical Effects of Propofol-Sevoflurane, Midazolam-Sevoflurane and Medetomidine-Ketamine-Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Rabbits

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 9 - 15, 28.03.2025

Yahya Işık , Muharrem Erol

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to compare the clinical effects of propofol-sevoflurane (PS), midazolam-sevoflurane (MS), and medetomidine-ketamine-sevoflurane (MKS) anesthesia protocols in rabbits and to propose a safe and controlled alternative inhalation anesthesia technique using the endotracheal intubation method. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 white New Zealand rabbits (5 females and 5 males randomly selected per group) divided into three groups. In the PS group, propofol 7 mg/kg IV was administered; in the MS group, midazolam 0.3 mg/kg IM; and in the MKS group, medetomidine 0.3 mg/kg IM followed by ketamine 30 mg/kg IM. Subsequently, all groups received sevoflurane at 4% with 500 ml/kg/min oxygen. In all groups, anesthesia induction time, chewing reflex time (extubation time), righting reflex time, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and peripheral arterial hemoglobin saturation were determined. Results: During anesthesia, decreases in heart rate and body temperature were observed in all groups. Respiratory rate decreased during the first 30 minutes of anesthesia but increased again after the 45th minute. Conclusion: For both clinical and experimental procedures in rabbits, the propofol-sevoflurane combination is considered appropriate for less painful and short-term interventions, while the medetomidine-ketamine-sevoflurane combination is recommended for highly painful and long-term procedures.

Keywords

Rabbit, Anesthesia, Propofol, Midazolam, Sevoflurane

Tavşanlarda Propofol-Sevofluran, Midazolam-Sevofluran ve Medetomidin-Ketamin-Sevofluran Anestezisinin Klinik Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, tavşanlarda propofol-sevofluran (PS), midazolam-sevofluran (MS) ve medetomidin-ketamin-sevofluran (MKS) anestezi protokollerinin tavşanlardaki klinik etkilerini karşılaştırmak ve tavşanlarda endotrakeal entübasyon tekniği ile güvenli ve kontrollü alternatif inhalasyon anestezisi tekniği önermektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma, her bir grupta rastgele seçilen 5'i dişi, 5'i erkek 10 adet beyaz renkli Yeni Zelanda ırkı 30 adet tavşanda 3 grupta yapıldı. PS grubunda propofol 7 mg/kg IV, MS grubunda midazolam 0.3 mg/kg IM, MKS grubunda medetomidin 0.3 mg/kg IM ve ketamin 30 mg/kg IM uygulandı. Takiben tüm gruplarda tavşanlara sevofluran %4 olarak 500 ml/kg/dk oksijen ile uygulandı. Bütün gruplarda; anestezi indüksiyon süresi, çiğneme refleksi zamanı (ekstübasyon zamanı), doğrulma refleksi zamanı, dakikadaki kalp atım sayısı, solunum sayısı, vücut ısısı ve periferik arteriyel hemoglobin satürasyonu belirlendi. Bulgular: Çalışmadaki tüm gruplarda oluşan anestezi süresince kalp atım sayısı ve vücut ısısında düşüşler gözlendi. Solunum sayısında anestezinin ilk 30 dakikasında düşüşler gözlendi. Ancak, 45. dakikadan sonra tekrar yükseldi. Sonuç: Tavşanlarda yapılacak olan gerek deneysel gerekse klinik cerrahi uygulamalarda; az ağrılı ve kısa süreli girişimlerde propofol-sevofluran kombinasyonunun; çok ağrılı ve uzun süreli girişimlerde ise medetomidin-ketamin-sevofluran kombinasyonunun kullanılmasının uygun olacağı kanaatine varıldı.

Keywords

Tavşan, Anestezi, Propofol, Midazolam, Sevofluran

References

• Alexander, D. J., & Clark, G. C. (1980). A simple method of oral endotracheal intubation in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Laboratory Animal Science, 30(5), 871–873.
• Allweiler, S., Leach, M. C., & Flecknell, P. A. (2010). The use of propofol and sevoflurane for surgical anaesthesia in New Zealand White rabbits. Laboratory Animals, 44(2), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.1258/la.2009.009036
• Amarpal, X., Kinjavdekar, Aithal, H. P., Pawde, A. M., Singh, J., & Udehiya, R. (2014). Evaluation of Xylazine, Acepromazine and Medetomidine with Ketamine for General Anaesthesia in Rabbits. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Vol 37, 223-229 Pages. https://doi.org/10.23675/SJLAS.V37I3.218
• Borkowski, R., & Karas, A. Z. (1999). Sedation and anesthesia of pet rabbits. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, 14(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-2867(99)80026-7
• Brammer, A., West, C. D., & Allen, S. L. (1993). A comparison of propofol with other injectable anaesthetics in a rat model for measuring cardiovascular parameters. Laboratory Animals, 27(3), 250–257. https://doi.org/10.1258/002367793780745354
• Campos, S., Monteiro, J., Valenzuela, B., Gonçalinho, H., De Pinho, P. G., Fresco, P., Félix, L., & Antunes, L. (2016). Evidence of Different Propofol Pharmacokinetics under Short and Prolonged Infusion Times in Rabbits. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 118(6), 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12521
• Cruz, F. S., Carregaro, A. B., Raiser, A. G., Zimmerman, M., Lukarsewski, R., & Steffen, R. P. (2010). Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and S(+)-ketamine in rabbits. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 37(2), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00513.x
• Erol, H., Erol, M., Atalan, G., Ceylan, C., Yönez, M.K. (2021) The Effects of propofol-sevoflurane, midazolam-sevoflurane, and medetomidine ketamine-sevoflurane anesthetic combinations on tear production measured by the schirmer tear test I (STT I) in healty rabbits. Turkish Journal of Veterinary& Animal Sciences. 45 (2), 330-335. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-2006-27
• Fujii, Y., Hoshi, T., Takahashi, S., & Toyooka, H. (1999). Propofol Decreases Diaphragmatic Contractility in Dogs: Anesthesia & Analgesia, 89(6), 1557. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199912000-00046
• Grint, N. J., & Murison, P. J. (2008). A comparison of ketamine–midazolam and ketamine–medetomidine combinations for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 35(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2007.00362.x
• Hall, L. W., Clarke, K. W., & Trim, C. M. (2001). Anaesthesia of birds, laboratory animals and wild animals. In Veterinary Anaesthesia (pp. 463–479). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-070202035-3.50018-8
• Henke, J., Astner, S., Brill, T., Eissner, B., Busch, R., & Erhardt, W. (2005). Comparative study of three intramuscular anaesthetic combinations (medetomidine/ketamine, medetomidine/fentanyl/midazolam and xylazine/ketamine) in rabbits. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 32(5), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00242.x
• Kästner, S. B., Kutter, A. P., Von Rechenberg, B., & Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R. (2006). Comparison of two pre-anaesthetic medetomidine doses in isoflurane anaesthetized sheep. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 33(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00230.x
• Kati, I., Demirel, C. B., Huseyinoglu, U. A., Silay, E., Yagmur, C., & Coskuner, I. (2003). Comparison of Propofol and Sevoflurane for Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 200(3), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.200.111
• Kilic, N. (2004). A Comparison between Medetomidine-Ketamine and Xylazine-Ketamine Anaesthesia in Rabbits. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 28(5), 921–926.
• Kim, M. S., Jeong, S. M., Park, J. H., Nam, T. C., & Seo, K. M. (2004). Reversal of Medetomidine-Ketamine Combination Anesthesia in Rabbits by Atipamezole. Experimental Animals, 53(5), 423–428. https://doi.org/10.1538/expanim.53.423
• Mama, K. R., Steffey, E. P., & Pascoe, P. J. (1995). Evaluation of Propofol as a General Anesthetic for Horses. Veterinary Surgery, 24(2), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.1995.tb01317.x
• Mazaheri-Khameneh, R., Sarrafzadeh-Rezaei, F., Asri-Rezaei, S., & Dalir-Naghadeh, B. (2012). Evaluation of clinical and paraclinical effects of intraosseous vs intravenous administration of propofol on general anesthesia in rabbits. Veterinary Research Forum: An International Quarterly Journal, 3(2), 103–109.
• Mutoh, T., Kojima, K., Takao, K., Nishimura, R., & Sasaki, N. (2001). Comparison of Sevoflurane with Isoflurane for Rapid Mask Induction in Midazolam and Butorphanol‐sedated Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 48(4), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00350.x
• Orr, H. E., Roughan, J. V., & Flecknell, P. A. (2005). Assessment of ketamine and medetomidine anaesthesia in the domestic rabbit. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 32(5), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00211.x
• Purohit, S., Parmae, H., Sharma, A. K., & Kumar, N. (2008). Xylazine and ketamine combination as general anaesthesia for rabbit and mice. Veterinary Practitioner, 9(1), 70–71.
• Rózańska, D. (2009). Evaluation of medetomidine-midazolam-atropine (MeMiA) anesthesia maintained with propofol infusion in New Zealand White rabbits. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 12(2), 209–216.
• Sanford, T. D., & Colby, E. D. (1980). Effect of xylazine and ketamine on blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate in rabbits. Laboratory Animal Science, 30(3), 519–523.
• Suckow, M. A., Stevens, K. A., & Wilson, R. P. (2011). The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, And Other Rodents (1st ed). Elsevier Inc.
• Takeda, T., Makita, K., Ishikawa, S., Kaneda, K., Yokoyama, K., & Amaha, K. (2000). Uptake and elimination of sevoflurane in rabbit tissues—Anin vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal Canadien d’anesthésie, 47(6), 579–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018951
• Taoda, M., Hashimoto, K., Karasawa, F., & Satoh, T. (2000). [The effect of sevoflurane and enflurane on renal sympathetic nerve activity in sinoaortic denerved rabbits]. Masui. The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology, 49(12), 1328–1332.
• Weinstein, C. H., Fujimoto, J. L., Wishner, R. E., & Newton, P. O. (2000). Anesthesia of six-week-old New Zealand White rabbits for thoracotomy. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, 39(3), 19–22.
• Wenger, S. (2012). Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. https://doi.org/10.5167/UZH-59283