Bitki Bazlı Hammaddelerdeki Biyoaktif Bileşiklerin Elde Edilmesi İçin Ekstraksiyon Yöntemlerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Son yıllarda lignoselülozik biyokütlelerin takviye gıda ürünlerindeki kullanımı popüler hale gelmiştir. Lignoselülozik biyokütlelerdeki bu etkin bileşenlerin ekstraksiyonunda güvenilir ve kısa süreli yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi ve doğa dostu çözücülerin kullanılması yönünde yapılan çalışmalar artış göstermektedir. Geleneksel ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin süreleri oldukça uzun olmakta ve çok miktarda organik çözücü kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca kullanılan organik çözücülerin çevreye olan zararı da oldukça fazladır. Bu sebepten ekstraksiyon süresini düşüren, organik çözücü ve doğa dostu “yeşil kimya” çözücülerin kullanım miktarını azaltan teknolojilere ihtiyaç günden güne artmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, geleneksel ve modern ekstraksiyon yöntemleri incelenmiş ve bu yöntemlerin genel uygulama alanları ortaya konulmuştur. Maserasyon, presleme, infüzyon, çürütme, süzülme, kaynatma, reflüks, tentür, distilasyon ve sokslet metotlarının olduğu geleneksel ekstraksiyon yöntemleri ile basınçlı sıvı ekstraksiyon, süperkritik sıvı ekstraksiyon, ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon, mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon, darbeli elektrik alan ekstraksiyonu, enzim destekli ekstraksiyon metotlarının yer aldığı modern ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin çeşitleri ve değişkenlik gösteren parametreleri araştırılmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler neticesinde modern ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin geleneksel yöntemlere nazaran, daha az miktarda örnek, daha düşük hacimde çözücü, daha düşük enerji sarfiyatı ve daha kısa ekstraksiyon sürelerinde gerçekleştirildiği görülmüştür. Çalışma kapsamında, tüm bunlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda modern ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin geleneksel yöntemlere göre daha uygulanabilir doğa dostu yöntemler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Maserasyon, presleme, infüzyon, çürütme, süzülme, kaynatma, reflüks, tentür, distilasyon ve sokslet metotlarının olduğu geleneksel ekstraksiyon yöntemleri ile basınçlı sıvı ekstraksiyon, süperkritik sıvı ekstraksiyon, ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon, mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon, darbeli elektrik alan ekstraksiyonu, enzim destekli ekstraksiyon metotlarının yer aldığı modern ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin çeşitleri ve değişkenlik gösteren parametreleri araştırılmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler neticesinde modern ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin geleneksel yöntemlere nazaran, daha az miktarda örnek, daha düşük hacimde çözücü, daha düşük enerji sarfiyatı ve daha kısa ekstraksiyon sürelerinde gerçekleştirildiği görülmüştür. Çalışma kapsamında, tüm bunlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda modern ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinin geleneksel yöntemlere göre daha uygulanabilir doğa dostu yöntemler olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekstraksiyon
• PLE
• SFE
• UAE
• MAE.

A Review of Extraction Methods for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds in Plant-Based Raw Materials

Abstract

In recent years, the usage of lignocellulosic biomasses in food supplements has become popular. The studies about the development of reliable and short-term methods in the extraction of these active components in lignocellulosic biomasses and the usage of eco-friendly solvents have increased gradually. Traditional extraction methods take a long time and use a large amounts of organic solvents. In addition, the damages of used organic solvents to the environment are high considerably. For this reason, the need for technologies that reduce the extraction time and reduce the use of organic solvents and environmentally friendly "green chemistry" solvents is increasing day by day. In this review, traditional and modern extraction methods were examined and general application areas of these methods were introduced. Traditional extraction methods include maceration, pressing, infusion, digestion, percolation, decoction, reflux, tincture, distillation, and soxhlet methods, and modern extraction methods including pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme assisted extraction methods, and their variation parameters were investigated. It has been seen that modern extraction methods are performed in less amount of sample, lower volume of solvent, lower energy consumption, and shorter extraction times compared to traditional methods. Within the scope of the study, considering all these, it has been determined that modern extraction methods are more applicable to nature-friendly methods than traditional methods. Traditional extraction methods including maceration, pressing, infusion, digestion, percolation, decoction, reflux, tincture, distillation, and soxhlet methods and modern extraction methods including pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme assisted extraction methods and their variation parameters were investigated. It has been seen that modern extraction methods are performed in less amount of sample, lower volume of solvent, lower energy consumption and shorter extraction times compared to traditional methods. Within the scope of the study, considering all these, it has been determined that modern extraction methods are more applicable nature-friendly methods than traditional methods.

Keywords

• Extraction
• PLE
• SFE
• UAE
• MAE.

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