Nanopartikül Katkılı Biyobazlı Kapsüllenmiş Faz Değiştiren Malzemelerin Sentezi ve Karakterizasyonu

Abstract

Faz değiştiren malzemeler (FDM), belirli sıcaklıklarda katı-sıvı faz değişimi yoluyla ısıyı depolayıp serbest bırakabilen sistemlerdir. Bitkisel yağ bazlı FDM’ler, soya, palmiye ve hindistancevizi yağı gibi yenilenebilir kaynaklardan elde edilen, çevre dostu malzemelerdir. Düşük erime sıcaklıkları ve biyolojik uyumlulukları sayesinde yeşil bina sistemleri, gıda taşımacılığı ve medikal alanlarda tercih edilirler. Bu çalışmada, nanopartikül katkılı biyo bazlı kapsüllenmiş faz değiştiren malzemeler hazırlanmıştır. Nanopartikül olarak kil ve TiO₂, biyo bazlı malzeme olarak hindistan cevizi yağı kullanılmıştır. Hazırlanan malzemelerin, morfolojik yüzey analizi taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile, termal kararlılıkları termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) ile, camsı geçiş sıcaklıkları/erime sıcaklıkları diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetri (DSC) ve kimyasal yapısı FT-IR tekniği ile karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen tüm sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde; üretilen biyobazlı kapsüllenmiş faz değiştiren üre-formaldehit reçinesinin üstün özelliklere sahip olduğu ve hazırlanan fonksiyonelleştirilmiş malzemenin endüstride kullanılabilecek özelliklerde olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Faz değiştiren malzeme
• termal depolama
• üre-formaldehit reçine
• kapsülasyon

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Bio-Based Encapsulated Phase Change Materials

Abstract

Phase change materials (PCM) are systems that can store and release heat through solid-liquid phase change at certain temperatures. Vegetable oil-based PCMs are environmentally friendly materials obtained from renewable resources such as soy, palm and coconut oil. They are preferred in green building systems, food transportation and medical fields due to their low melting temperatures and biological compatibility. In this study, nanoparticle-added bio-based encapsulated phase change materials were prepared. Clay and TiO₂ were used as nanparticles, and coconut oil was used as a bio-based material. The prepared materials were characterized by morphological surface analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal stability with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), glass transition temperatures/melting temperatures with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and chemical structure with FT-IR technique. When all the obtained results were evaluated; it was concluded that the produced bio-based encapsulated phase change urea-formaldehyde resin has superior properties, and the prepared functionalized material has properties that can be used in the industry.

Keywords

• Phase change material
• thermal storage
• urea-formaldehyde resin
• encapsulation

References

1. AlOtaibi, M., Alsuhybani, M., Khayyat, M. and AlOtaibi, B. (2022). Performance of nanocomposites of a phase change material formed by the dispersion of MWCNT/TiO₂ for thermal energy storage applications. Materials, 15(9), 3063. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093063
2. Barkoula, N.M., Alcock, B., Cabrera, N.O. and Peijs, T. (2008). Fatigue properties of highly oriented polypropylene tapes and all-polypropylene composites. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 16(2), 101–113.
3. Can, A. (2023). Preparation, characterization, and thermal properties of microencapsulated palmitic acid with ethyl cellulose shell as phase change material impregnated wood, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 66, 107382.
4. Can, A., and Žigon, J. (2022). n-Heptadecane-Impregnated Wood as a Potential Material for Energy-Saving Buildings. Forests, 13(12), 2137.
5. Can, A., Özlüsoylu, İ., Sözen, E. and Ergün, M.E. (2024). Properties of Pinus nigra Arn. wood impregnated with phase change materials for potential energy-saving building material, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 83, 2024, 110687.
6. Çalımlı, A. (2008). Nanokil-polimer kompozitlerinin sentez ve karakterizasyonu (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
7. Diaconu, B.M., Cruceru, M. and Anghelescu, L. (2022). Phase change materials—Applications and systems designs: A literature review. Designs, 6(6), 117. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060117
8. Fang, Y., Kuang, S., Gao, X., Zhang, Z. (2008). Preparation and characterization of novel nanoencapsulated phase change materials, Energy Conversion and Management, 49 (12):3704-3707.

9. Fayyad, E.M., Almaadeed, M.A. ve Jones, A. (2016). Preparation and characterization of urea–formaldehyde microcapsules filled with paraffin oil. Polymer Bulletin, 73, 631–646. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-015-1518-x
10. Geim, A.K. and Novoselov, K.S. (2007). The rise of graphene. Nature Materials, 6(3), 183–191.
11. Hasbi, S., Leong, K.Y., Ku Ahmad, K.Z., Abdul Rahim, N. and Saharudin, M.S. (2023). Development of coconut oil/capric acid eutectic phase change material with graphene as latent thermal energy storage. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 20(1), 10247–10257.
12. Kök, M., Bilici, M.K. ve Öztürk, F. (2018). Nanokil takviyeli HDPE kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Engineering Mechanics Symposium (EMS), 1(1), 12–18.
13. Kumar, M., Mylsamy, K. and Saravanakumar, P.T. (2019). Experimental investigations on thermal properties of nano-SiO₂/paraffin phase change material (PCM) for solar thermal energy storage applications. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 42(19), 2420–2433. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1607942
14. Nichol, A., Treichel, C., Cruickshank, C.A. and Baldwin, C. (2022). Assessment of plant-based oils as low carbon phase change materials for building applications. 5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment, Temmuz 2022.
15. Okogeri, O. and Stathopoulos, V.N. (2023). Assessment of plant-based oils as low-carbon phase change materials for building applications. COBEE 2022 Proceedings, 1081–1090.
16. Ou, X., Cai, J., Tian, J., Luo, B. and Liu, M. (2020). Superamphiphobic surfaces with self-cleaning and antifouling properties by functionalized chitin nanocrystals. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8, 6690–6699.
17. Palacios, A., Navarro-Rivero, M.E., Zou, B., Jiang, Z., Harrison, M.T., Ding, Y. (2023). A perspective on Phase Change Material encapsulation: Guidance for encapsulation design methodology from low to high-temperature thermal energy storage applications, Journal of Energy Storage, 72 (2023):108597.
18. Paramashivaiah, B.M. ve Rajashekhar, C.R. (2016). Studies on effect of various surfactants on stable dispersion of graphene nano particles in simarouba biodiesel. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 149, 012083.
19. Peker, H., Ayata, Ü., Çamlıbel, O. ve Ulay, G. Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) Öz ve Diri Odunlarına Uygulanmış Modifiye Edilmiş Arı Balmumlarında Seçilmiş Bazı Yüzey Özelliklerinin Araştırılması. Journal of GreenTech 2024, 2(2): 8-17.
20. Peker, H., Çamlıbel, O., Ulay, G. ve Ayata, Ü. (2024). İğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) odununda bazı yüzey özellikleri üzerine antik ve tarçınlı doğal ahşap yağlarının etkileri. Soma Meslek Yüksekokulu Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, 2(38), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.47118/somatbd.1599833
21. Peker, H., Ulay, G., and Ayata, Ü., (2025). A Study on the Application of Wax on Linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench.) Wood. Wood Research Journal, vol.15, no.2, 49-54.
22. Peng, G., Dou, G., Hu, Y., Sun, Y. and Chen, Z. (2020). Phase change material (PCM) microcapsules for thermal energy storage. Advances in Polymer Technology, 9490873, 1–20. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9490873
23. Safira, L., Putra, N., Trisnadewi, T., Kusrini, E. and Mahlia, T.M.I. (2020). Thermal properties of sonicated graphene in coconut oil as a phase change material for energy storage in building applications. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 15(4).
24. Saleel, C.A. A review on the use of coconut oil as an organic phase change material with its melting process, heat transfer, and energy storage characteristics. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 4451–4472 (2022). Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10839-7
25. Saraç, E. G., Öner, E. and Kahraman, M. V. (2020). Developing a thermo-regulative system for nonwoven textiles using microencapsulated organic coconut oil. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 51(2_suppl), 1952S–1963S. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083720921490
26. Ulay, G., and Ayata, Ü., (2025). Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) odununda farklı ahşap koruyucu yağların renk ve parlaklık üzerine etkileri. Mekansal Çalışmalar Dergisi , cilt.2, sa.2, 198-209.
27. Yin, G.-Z., Hobson, J., Duan, Y. and Wang, D.-Y. (2021a). Polyrotaxane: New generation of sustainable, ultra flexible, form stable and smart phase change materials.
28. Yin, G.-Z., Palencia, J. L. D. and Wang, D.-Y. (2021b). Fully bio-based poly(glycerol itaconic acid) as supporter for PEG-based form stable phase change materials.
29. Zorlu, E. ve Can, A. (2025). Biyo-kökenli organik faz değişim malzemeleri ile emprenye edilen odun örneklerinin enerji depolama özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 118–126.