İİT Üyesi Ülkelerde Çölleşme: Faktörler, Zorluklar ve İlerleme Yolu

Öz

İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı (İİT), dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yer alan 57 üyeden oluşmaktadır ve bunların çoğu aşırı kurak, kurak ve yarı kurak olan bölgelerde bulunmaktadır. İkincil temel araştırmalara dayanarak bu çalışma, İİT üyesi ülkelerde çölleşmeye yol açan faktörleri ve üstesinden gelmek için gereken zorluklar vurgulamaktadır. Değişen arazi kullanım modelinin ve iklim ile ilgili sürecin bu ülkelerde çölleşmenin doğrudan nedenleri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ekilebilir arazinin azalması, kuraklık artması, nüfus artışı, kentseleşme, meralar ve ormanlara yapılan istilalar, artan arazi bozulması, iklim değişikliği etkisi de çölleşmeye yol açan kilit faktörlerdir. Yine, İİT nufüslarının yaklaşık %30’u Sahra altı Afrika ülkelerinde yaşamakta olup, hala geçimleri tarıma bağlıdır. Eski tarzda yapılmakta olan orman yönetim sistemi orman kaynaklarının azaltması riskini da artmaktadır. Yine, yerel olgular; özellikle yerel halk tarafından doğal kaynakların sürdürülemez şekilde kullanımı ve uluslararası gıda pazarlarında küreselleşme olgusu, neo-liberalleştirme etkisi ve böylece tarım ve orman kaynaklarının tüketilmesi, hepsi İİT üyesi ülkelerde ormansızlaşma ve sonuçta çölleşmenin önemli rolu bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İİT’nin uygun ve koordineli eylemleri zamanında alabilmesi için bir çölleşme izleme ve uygulama merkezi kurmaya ihtiyacı olduğu önerilmektedir. Bu merkez; İİT üyesi ülkelerin çölleşme konusunda bilinçlendirilmesini sağlayarak bölgesel kampanyalarını ve doğal kaynak yönetimini artırmaya yardımcı olabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çölleşme
• Kuraklık
• İİT Üyesi Ülkeler
• Arazi bozulması

Desertification in the OIC Member Countries: Factors, Challenges and the Way Forward

Abstract

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) comprises of 57 member countries that are located in different parts of the world and many of them are situated in hyper-arid, arid and semi-arid areas. Based on secondary based research, this study highlights the factors that lead to desertification in OIC member countries and the challenges that need to overcome. The study found that the changing land use pattern and climate-related process were the direct causes of desertification in these countries. Decreased arable land, increased aridity and drought, population growth, urbanisation, encroachment on rangelands and forests, increased land degradation, and climate change are the key factors leading to desertification. Again, around 30% of OIC populations are living in Sub Saharan African countries, who still depend on subsistence agriculture. The old-fashioned forest management system also enhances the risk of losing forest resources. The study found that local phenomena especially unsustainable use of natural resources by local people and globalization phenomena in international food markets, neoliberalisation impact and thereby depletion of agriculture and forest resources, are laying significant role of deforestation and the resultant desertification in the affected OIC member countries. The study proposes that there is a need to establish a desertification monitoring and implementing center so that the OIC can take appropriate and coordinated actions in a timely manner. This center could help to raise awareness-building, regional campaign and management of natural resources in the issues of desertification across the OIC member countries.

Keywords

• Desertification
• Aridity
• OIC member countries
• Land degradation

References

1. Abdulai, D. (2017). Chinese Investment in Africa: How African Countries can position themselves to benefit from China’s foray into Africa. New York: Routledge.
2. Anyamba, A., Small, J. L., Tucker, C. J., Pak, E., W. (2014). Thirty-two Years of Sahelian Zone Growing Season Non-Stationary NDVI3g Patterns and Trends. Remote Sensing, 6(4): 3101-3122.
3. Antwi‐Boateng, O., Akudugu, M., A. (2020). Golden Migrants: The Rise and Impact of Illegal Chinese Small‐Scale Mining in Ghana. Politics and Policy, 48(1), 135-140, https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12342.
4. Becerril-Piña, R., Mastachi-Loza, C.A. (2020). Desertification: Causes and Countermeasures. In: Leal Filho W., Azul A., Brandli L., Özuyar P., Wall T. (eds) Life on Land. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals book series. Springer, Cham.
5. Besseau, P., Graham, S., Christophersen, T. (2018). Restoring forests and landscapes: the key to a sustainable future. Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration, Vienna, Austria.
6. Cervigni, R. and Morris, M. (2016). Confronting Drought in Africa’s Drylands: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience. Washington, DC: World Bank; and Agence Française de Développement.
7. COMCEC Coordination Office. (2019). Agriculture Outlook 2019, Ankara, Turkey. http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Agriculture_Outlook_2019_October.pdf (02.01.2020).
8. Darkoh, M., B. K. (1998). The nature, causes and consequences of desertification in the drylands of Africa. Land Degredation and Development, 9(1): 1-20.

9. European Court of Auditors. (2018). Combating desertification in the EU: A growing threat in need of more action (Rep. No. 332018). European Court of Auditors, Luxembourg.
10. Faour, G., Mhawej, M., Fayad, A. (2016). Detecting Changes in Vegetation Trends in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Using SPOT Vegetation. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography. CyberGeo. 2016.
11. FAO STAT. (2017). Global Forest Products Facts and Figures 2016. http://www.fao.org/3/I7034EN/i7034en.pdf (10.12.2017).
12. Ginzky et al. (2017). International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2017. Springer.
13. Gül, E, Dölarslan, M., Uluğ, K., (2019). Yarı Kurak Ağaçlandırma Alanlarında Çölleşme Eğiliminin Değerlendirilmesi: ÇAKÜ Orman Fakültesi, Prof. Dr. Abdülreşit BROHİ Araştırma ve Uygulama Ormanı Örneği. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2): 506-516.
14. Joint Research Centre. (2017). World Atlas of Desertification, European Commission. http://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mapping (01.10.2017).
15. Koigi, B. (2018) Illegal Chinese Timber Business is Devastating Africa’s Forests, https://www.fairplanet.org/story/illegal-chinese-timber-business-that-is-devastating-african-forest/ (13.07.2020).
16. Knox, J., Hess, T., Daccache, A., Wheeler, T., (2012). Climate change impacts on crop productivity in Africa and South Asia. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 34032, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034032.
17. Moridnejad, A., Karimi, N. and Ariya, P.A. (2015). Newly desertified regions in Iraq and its surrounding areas: Significant novel sources of global dust particles. J. Arid Environ., 116, 1–10, doi:10.1016/J.JARIDENV.2015.01.008.
18. McNicol, M., I. Ryan, C., M. Williams, M. (2015). How resilient are African woodlands to disturbance from shifting cultivation? Ecological Applications, 25(8): 2320–2336, Ecological Society of America.
19. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Desertification Synthesis, https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf (01.10.2017).
20. Hasan et al. (2013). Agricultural land availability in Bangladesh, Soil Resources Development Institute, Bangladesh.
21. Ryan, C.M. et al. (2012). Quantifying small-scale deforestation and forest degradation in African woodlands using radar imagery. Global Change Biology 18(1):243–257.
22. Salcedo L, C. and Morarji, M. (2016). Making women’s voices count in community decision making on land investments. Washington DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/25829/25829.pdf (10.07.2020).
23. SESRIC. (2016). Agriculture and Food Security in OIC Member Countries 2016. https://www.sesric.org/files/article/537.pdf (10.07.2020).
24. SESRIC. (2017). OIC Environment Report 2017, http://www.sesric.org/files/article/586.pdf (02.03.2018).
25. SESRIC. (2018). OIC Water Report 2018: Transforming Risk into Dialogue and Cooperation. https://www.sesric.org/files/article/616.pdf (09.01.2018).
26. SESRIC. (2018a). OIC Women and Development Report 2018. https://www.sesric.org/files/article/646.pdf (07.07.2020).
27. SESRIC. (2019). OIC Environment Report 2019. https://www.sesric.org/files/article/675.pdf (02.01.2020).
28. SESRIC. (2019a). OIC Economic Outlook 2019: Mobilizing Financial Resources for Development. https://www.sesric.org/files/article/696.pdf (02.01.2020).
29. SESRTC. (2019b). Urban Development in OIC Countries: Towards Sustainable Urbanization.
30. UNDP/UNSO. (1997). Aridity zones and dryland populations: an assessment of population levels in the World's dry lands. UNSO/UNDP, New York.
31. UNCCD. (2014). Desertification the Invisible Frontline. http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Publications/NEW_Invisible_%20Front_Line_%20EN.pdf (10.02.2018).
32. UNCCD. (2017). Global land outlook. UN convention to combat desertification, Bonn.
33. UNCCD. (2017a). Overview of gender mainstreaming in the implementation of the Convention: 1998-2018, ICCD/COP(13)/CRP.1
34. UNCCD. (2018). The future strategic framework of the Convention. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/relevant-links/2018-08/cop21add1_SF_EN.pdf (06.07.2020).
35. UNCCD, UNDP and UNEP. (2009). Climate Change in the African Drylands: Options and Opportunities for Adaptation and Mitigation. https://www.droughtmanagement.info/literature/UNCCD_climate_change_african_drylands_2009.pdf (07.10.2017).
36. UNEP. (1997). World Atlas of Desertification, 2ed. United Nations Environment Programme, London.
37. URL-1. (2020). http://www.fao.org/sustainable-forest-management/toolbox/modules/reducing-deforestation/in-more-depth/en/?type=111 (07.07.2020)
38. URL-2. (2020). https://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Pathway-2020.pdf. WCF Strategy: Pathway to Sustainable Cocoa, (07.07.2020).
39. URL-3. (2020). https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/06_Chapter-3.pdf. Desertification.
40. World Bank. (2017). World Bank Data from World Development Indicators Portal, 2017. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators (07.10.2017).
41. World Bank. (2020). World Bank Data from World Development Indicators Portal, 2020. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators (07.07.2020).