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Investigation of the Differences Among Some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics According to the Ways of Development in Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Individuals

Year 2021, , 636 - 641, 16.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.958446

Abstract

Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), which is one of the main tree species of our country's forests, constitutes approximately 8.5% of total country forests, with a distribution area of approximately 1.9 million hectares. Within the scope of this study, it was aimed to determine the change of some morphological and physiological characters in seed-origin and sprout-origin oriental beech individuals depending on the way of arrival and altitude. Within the scope of the study, height, root collar diameter, photosynthesis, stomal conductivity, transpiration and total fresh weight measurements were made on individuals at three different elevation levels. As a result of the study, it was determined that the values obtained in individuals with sprout-origin were relatively higher than the others, but the altitude was much more effective on the characters, the highest values were obtained in all characters at low altitudes, and the values decreased as the altitude increased.

References

  • Asan, Ü. (1990). Sürgün kökenli kayın ormanlarında bonitet araştırmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2): 70-90.
  • Cesur A., Zeren Cetin I., Abo Aisha A. E. S., Alrabiti O. B. M., Aljama A. M. O., Jawed A. A., Cetin M., Sevik H., Ozel H. B. (2021). The usability of Cupressus arizonica annual rings in monitoring the changes in heavy metal concentration in air. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Environ Sci Pout Res) 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13166-4
  • Cetin, M. (2020). The Changing of Important Factors in The Landscape Planning Occur Due to Global Climate Change in Temperature, Rain and Climate Types: A Case Study of Mersin City, Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 8(12): 2695-2701.
  • Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Cobanoglu, O. (2020). Ca, Cu, and Li in washed and unwashed specimens of needles, bark, and branches of the blue spruce (Picea pungens) in the city of Ankara. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(17), 21816-21825.
  • Cüce, H., Kalıpcı, E., Taş, B., Yılmaz, M. (2020). Rakım Farklılığı Nedeniyle Oluşan Meteorolojik Değişimlerin Su Kalitesine Olan Etkilerinin CBS ile Değerlendirilmesi: Morfolojik Olarak Farklı İki Göl için Bir Karşılaştırma. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.649297
  • Demirel, H. (2019). Bartın-Kumluca Yöresi Saf Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Doğal Gençleştirme Alanlarında Meşcere Kuruluşları ve Gençlik Dinamiklerinin İncelenmesi. Bartın Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 28 s.
  • Ertuğrul, M., Varol, T., Özel, H. B. (2014). Climate changes in prospect for the West Black Sea Forests. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(23), 35-43.
  • Ertugrul, M., Ozel, H. B., Varol, T., Cetin, M., Sevik, H. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between burned areas and climate factors in large forest fires in the Canakkale region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191 (12), 737.
  • Ertugrul, M., Varol, T., Ozel, H. B., Cetin, M., Sevik, H. (2021). Influence of climatic factor of changes in forest fire danger and fire season length in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1), 1-17.
  • Esen, F., Avcı, V. (2020). Berit Dağları’nda (Kahramanmaraş) Litolojik ve Jeomorfolojik Faktörlerin Bitki Örtüsünün Dağılışına Etkisi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3): 664-685.
  • Gardiner, E. S. (1998). Water relations and morphology of Nuttall oak seedling sprouts. In Proceedings of the ninth biennial southern silvicultural research conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-20. Asheville, NC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 284-288.
  • Gómez‐Pineda, E., Sáenz‐Romero, C., Ortega‐Rodríguez, J. M., Blanco‐García, A., Madrigal‐Sánchez, X., Lindig‐Cisneros, R., ..., Rehfeldt, G. E. (2020). Suitable climatic habitat changes for Mexican conifers along altitudinal gradients under climatic change scenarios. Ecological Applications, 30(2), e02041.
  • Gülseven, O., Ayan, S., Özel, H. B., Yer, E. N., (2019). Farklı doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) populasyonlarına ait fidanların morfolojik ve fizyolojik karakteristikleri. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 20(3): 180-186.
  • Hrivnák, M., Paule, L., Krajmerová, D., Kulaç, Ş., Şevik, H., Turna, İ., Tvauri, I. Gömöry, D. (2017). Genetic variation in Tertiary relics: The case of Eastern‐Mediterranean Abies (Pinaceae). Ecology and Evolution, 7(23), 10018-10030.
  • Kilicoglu, C., Cetin, M., Aricak, B., Sevik, H. (2021). Integrating multicriteria decision-making analysis for a GIS-based settlement area in the district of Atakum, Samsun, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 143(1), 379-388.
  • Koc, I. (2021). Using Cedrus atlantica’s annual rings as a biomonitor in observing the changes of Ni and Co concentrations in the atmosphere. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13272-3
  • Koç, I. (2021). Examining Seed Germination Rate and Seedlings Gas Exchange Performances of Some Turkish Red Pine Provenances Under Water Stress. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 9(3), 48-60.
  • Ning, H., Ling, L., Sun, X., Kang, X., Chen, H. (2021). Predicting the future redistribution of Chinese white pine (Pinus armandii Franch). Under climate change scenarios in China using species distribution models. Global Ecology and Conservation, 25, e01420.
  • Ozel HB, Cetin M, Sevik H, Varol T, Isik B, Yaman B (2021a) The effects of base station as an electromagnetic radiation source on flower and cone yield and germination percentage in Pinus brutia Ten. Biologia Futura (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42977-021-00085-1
  • Ozel, H. B., Donduran, B., Cakmakli, E., Sevik, H. (2020). Factors affecting success in natural regeneration works of cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) In Kas region of Antalya. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 6(2), 054-059.
  • Ozel, H. B., Abo Aisha, A. E. S., Cetin, M. Sevik, H., Zeren Cetin, I. (2021b). The effects of increased exposure time to UV-B radiation on germination and seedling development of Anatolian black pine seeds. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, 388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09178-9
  • Özel, H. B., Kirdar, E., Bilir, N. (2015). The effects of magnetic field on germination of the seeds of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) and growth of seedlings. Agriculture & Forestry/Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo, 61(3): 195-206.
  • Özel, H. B., Palta, Ş., Çakmaklı, E. (2021). Arbusküler Mikorizal Fungus Aşılamasının Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Fidanlarının Büyüme Performansı ve Adaptasyon Başarısı Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 217-225.
  • Sevik, H., Ayan, S., Turna, I., Yahyaoglu, Z. (2010). Genetic diversity among populations in Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed stands of Western. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(43), 266-7272.
  • Sevik, H., Yahyaoglu, Z., Turna, I. (2012). Determination of genetic variation between populations of Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf according to some seed characteristics, genetic diversity in plants. Chapter, 12, 231-248.
  • Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Ozturk, A., Ozel, H. B., Pinar, B. (2019a). Changes in Pb, Cr and Cu concentrations in some bioindicators depending on traffic density on the basis of species and organs. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(6), 12843-12857.
  • Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Ozturk, A., Yigit, N., Karakus, O. (2019b). Changes in micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis L. leaves in Turkey. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(3), 5909-5921.
  • Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Erbek, A., Cetin, I. Z. (2021). The effect of climate on leaf micromorphological characteristics in some broad-leaved species. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(4), 6395-6407.
  • Varol, T., Gormus, S., Cengiz, S., Ozel, H. B., Cetin, M. (2019). Determining potential planting areas in urban regions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(3), 1-14.
  • Varol, T., Canturk, U., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Sevik, H. (2021). Impacts of climate change scenarios on European ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management. Forest Ecology and Management 491(2021) 119199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119199
  • Yılmaz, M. (2006). Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) tohumlarında ekim öncesi işlemler. Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, 27-30.
  • Yılmaz, M., Tonguç, F., Çetin, B. (2009). Doğu Akdeniz bölgesindeki sürgün kökenli kayın ormanlarının gençleşme sorunları. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Özel, (2), 633-639.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2018). Fagus L. (Kayınlar). (Ed. Ü. Akkemik) Türkiye’nin Doğal-Egzotik Ağaç ve Çalıları. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara. s: 337-338.
  • Yigit, N., Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Gul, L. (2016). Clonal variation in chemical wood characteristics in Hanönü (Kastamonu) Günlüburun black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) seed orchard. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 35(7), 515-526.
  • Yigit, N., Cetin, M., Ozturk, A., Sevik, H., Cetin, S. (2019). Varitation of Stomatal Characteristics in Broad Leaved Species Based on Habitat. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(6):12859-12868.
  • Yucedag, C., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Aisha, A. E. S. A., Alrabiti, O. B. M., Jama, A. M. O. A. (2021). The impacts of altitude and seed pretreatments on seedling emergence of Syrian juniper (Juniperus drupacea (Labill.) Ant. et Kotschy). Ecological Processes, 10(1), 1-6.
  • Yucedag, C., Ozel, H. B., Cetin, M., Sevik, H. (2019). Variability in morphological traits of seedlings from five Euonymus japonicus cultivars. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(5), 1-4.
  • Zeren Cetin, I., Ozel, H. B., Varol, T. (2020). Integrating of settlement area in urban and forest area of Bartin with climatic condition decision for managements. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(8), 1013-1022.

Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Bireylerinde Farklı Alana Geliş Şekillerine Göre Bazı Morfolojik ve Fizyolojik Özellikler Arasındaki Farklılıkların İncelenmesi

Year 2021, , 636 - 641, 16.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.958446

Abstract

Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), ülkemiz ormanlarının asli ağaç türlerinden birisi olan yaklaşık 1,9 milyon ha yayılış alanı ile toplam ülke ormanlarımızın yaklaşık %8,5’ini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, tohum ve sürgün kökenli doğu kayını bireylerinde bazı morfolojik ve fizyolojik karakterlerin alana geliş şekline ve yükseltiye bağlı olarak değişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında üç farklı yükselti kademesinde bireyler üzerinde boy, kök boğazı çapı, fotosentez, stomal iletkenlik, transpirasyon ve toplam taze ağırlığı ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda sürgün kökenli bireylerde elde edilen değerlerin diğerlerine göre nispeten daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu ancak, yükseltinin karakterler üzerine çok daha etkili olduğu, bütün karakterlerde en yüksek değerlerin düşük yükseltilerde elde edildiği ve yükselti arttıkça değerlerin düştüğü belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Asan, Ü. (1990). Sürgün kökenli kayın ormanlarında bonitet araştırmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2): 70-90.
  • Cesur A., Zeren Cetin I., Abo Aisha A. E. S., Alrabiti O. B. M., Aljama A. M. O., Jawed A. A., Cetin M., Sevik H., Ozel H. B. (2021). The usability of Cupressus arizonica annual rings in monitoring the changes in heavy metal concentration in air. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Environ Sci Pout Res) 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13166-4
  • Cetin, M. (2020). The Changing of Important Factors in The Landscape Planning Occur Due to Global Climate Change in Temperature, Rain and Climate Types: A Case Study of Mersin City, Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. 8(12): 2695-2701.
  • Cetin, M., Sevik, H., Cobanoglu, O. (2020). Ca, Cu, and Li in washed and unwashed specimens of needles, bark, and branches of the blue spruce (Picea pungens) in the city of Ankara. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(17), 21816-21825.
  • Cüce, H., Kalıpcı, E., Taş, B., Yılmaz, M. (2020). Rakım Farklılığı Nedeniyle Oluşan Meteorolojik Değişimlerin Su Kalitesine Olan Etkilerinin CBS ile Değerlendirilmesi: Morfolojik Olarak Farklı İki Göl için Bir Karşılaştırma. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.649297
  • Demirel, H. (2019). Bartın-Kumluca Yöresi Saf Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Doğal Gençleştirme Alanlarında Meşcere Kuruluşları ve Gençlik Dinamiklerinin İncelenmesi. Bartın Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 28 s.
  • Ertuğrul, M., Varol, T., Özel, H. B. (2014). Climate changes in prospect for the West Black Sea Forests. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(23), 35-43.
  • Ertugrul, M., Ozel, H. B., Varol, T., Cetin, M., Sevik, H. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between burned areas and climate factors in large forest fires in the Canakkale region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191 (12), 737.
  • Ertugrul, M., Varol, T., Ozel, H. B., Cetin, M., Sevik, H. (2021). Influence of climatic factor of changes in forest fire danger and fire season length in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1), 1-17.
  • Esen, F., Avcı, V. (2020). Berit Dağları’nda (Kahramanmaraş) Litolojik ve Jeomorfolojik Faktörlerin Bitki Örtüsünün Dağılışına Etkisi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3): 664-685.
  • Gardiner, E. S. (1998). Water relations and morphology of Nuttall oak seedling sprouts. In Proceedings of the ninth biennial southern silvicultural research conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-20. Asheville, NC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 284-288.
  • Gómez‐Pineda, E., Sáenz‐Romero, C., Ortega‐Rodríguez, J. M., Blanco‐García, A., Madrigal‐Sánchez, X., Lindig‐Cisneros, R., ..., Rehfeldt, G. E. (2020). Suitable climatic habitat changes for Mexican conifers along altitudinal gradients under climatic change scenarios. Ecological Applications, 30(2), e02041.
  • Gülseven, O., Ayan, S., Özel, H. B., Yer, E. N., (2019). Farklı doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) populasyonlarına ait fidanların morfolojik ve fizyolojik karakteristikleri. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 20(3): 180-186.
  • Hrivnák, M., Paule, L., Krajmerová, D., Kulaç, Ş., Şevik, H., Turna, İ., Tvauri, I. Gömöry, D. (2017). Genetic variation in Tertiary relics: The case of Eastern‐Mediterranean Abies (Pinaceae). Ecology and Evolution, 7(23), 10018-10030.
  • Kilicoglu, C., Cetin, M., Aricak, B., Sevik, H. (2021). Integrating multicriteria decision-making analysis for a GIS-based settlement area in the district of Atakum, Samsun, Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 143(1), 379-388.
  • Koc, I. (2021). Using Cedrus atlantica’s annual rings as a biomonitor in observing the changes of Ni and Co concentrations in the atmosphere. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13272-3
  • Koç, I. (2021). Examining Seed Germination Rate and Seedlings Gas Exchange Performances of Some Turkish Red Pine Provenances Under Water Stress. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 9(3), 48-60.
  • Ning, H., Ling, L., Sun, X., Kang, X., Chen, H. (2021). Predicting the future redistribution of Chinese white pine (Pinus armandii Franch). Under climate change scenarios in China using species distribution models. Global Ecology and Conservation, 25, e01420.
  • Ozel HB, Cetin M, Sevik H, Varol T, Isik B, Yaman B (2021a) The effects of base station as an electromagnetic radiation source on flower and cone yield and germination percentage in Pinus brutia Ten. Biologia Futura (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42977-021-00085-1
  • Ozel, H. B., Donduran, B., Cakmakli, E., Sevik, H. (2020). Factors affecting success in natural regeneration works of cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) In Kas region of Antalya. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 6(2), 054-059.
  • Ozel, H. B., Abo Aisha, A. E. S., Cetin, M. Sevik, H., Zeren Cetin, I. (2021b). The effects of increased exposure time to UV-B radiation on germination and seedling development of Anatolian black pine seeds. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, 388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09178-9
  • Özel, H. B., Kirdar, E., Bilir, N. (2015). The effects of magnetic field on germination of the seeds of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) and growth of seedlings. Agriculture & Forestry/Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo, 61(3): 195-206.
  • Özel, H. B., Palta, Ş., Çakmaklı, E. (2021). Arbusküler Mikorizal Fungus Aşılamasının Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Fidanlarının Büyüme Performansı ve Adaptasyon Başarısı Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 217-225.
  • Sevik, H., Ayan, S., Turna, I., Yahyaoglu, Z. (2010). Genetic diversity among populations in Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed stands of Western. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(43), 266-7272.
  • Sevik, H., Yahyaoglu, Z., Turna, I. (2012). Determination of genetic variation between populations of Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf according to some seed characteristics, genetic diversity in plants. Chapter, 12, 231-248.
  • Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Ozturk, A., Ozel, H. B., Pinar, B. (2019a). Changes in Pb, Cr and Cu concentrations in some bioindicators depending on traffic density on the basis of species and organs. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(6), 12843-12857.
  • Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Ozturk, A., Yigit, N., Karakus, O. (2019b). Changes in micromorphological characters of Platanus orientalis L. leaves in Turkey. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(3), 5909-5921.
  • Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Erbek, A., Cetin, I. Z. (2021). The effect of climate on leaf micromorphological characteristics in some broad-leaved species. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(4), 6395-6407.
  • Varol, T., Gormus, S., Cengiz, S., Ozel, H. B., Cetin, M. (2019). Determining potential planting areas in urban regions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(3), 1-14.
  • Varol, T., Canturk, U., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Sevik, H. (2021). Impacts of climate change scenarios on European ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management. Forest Ecology and Management 491(2021) 119199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119199
  • Yılmaz, M. (2006). Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) tohumlarında ekim öncesi işlemler. Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, 27-30.
  • Yılmaz, M., Tonguç, F., Çetin, B. (2009). Doğu Akdeniz bölgesindeki sürgün kökenli kayın ormanlarının gençleşme sorunları. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Özel, (2), 633-639.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2018). Fagus L. (Kayınlar). (Ed. Ü. Akkemik) Türkiye’nin Doğal-Egzotik Ağaç ve Çalıları. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara. s: 337-338.
  • Yigit, N., Sevik, H., Cetin, M., Gul, L. (2016). Clonal variation in chemical wood characteristics in Hanönü (Kastamonu) Günlüburun black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) seed orchard. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 35(7), 515-526.
  • Yigit, N., Cetin, M., Ozturk, A., Sevik, H., Cetin, S. (2019). Varitation of Stomatal Characteristics in Broad Leaved Species Based on Habitat. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(6):12859-12868.
  • Yucedag, C., Cetin, M., Ozel, H. B., Aisha, A. E. S. A., Alrabiti, O. B. M., Jama, A. M. O. A. (2021). The impacts of altitude and seed pretreatments on seedling emergence of Syrian juniper (Juniperus drupacea (Labill.) Ant. et Kotschy). Ecological Processes, 10(1), 1-6.
  • Yucedag, C., Ozel, H. B., Cetin, M., Sevik, H. (2019). Variability in morphological traits of seedlings from five Euonymus japonicus cultivars. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(5), 1-4.
  • Zeren Cetin, I., Ozel, H. B., Varol, T. (2020). Integrating of settlement area in urban and forest area of Bartin with climatic condition decision for managements. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(8), 1013-1022.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Forest Industry Engineering
Journal Section Biodiversity, Environmental Management and Policy, Sustainable Forestry
Authors

Halil Barış Özel 0000-0001-9518-3281

Hakan Şevik 0000-0003-1662-4830

Sinan Kaptan 0000-0001-6059-5163

Tugrul Varol 0000-0002-0499-2129

Publication Date August 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Özel, H. B., Şevik, H., Kaptan, S., Varol, T. (2021). Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Bireylerinde Farklı Alana Geliş Şekillerine Göre Bazı Morfolojik ve Fizyolojik Özellikler Arasındaki Farklılıkların İncelenmesi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 636-641. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.958446


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