Research Article
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Possibilities and Problems of camera Trap Using in Wildlife Observation and Monitoring Studies

Year 2018, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 638 - 652, 15.12.2018

Abstract

In fact, soil erosion, which is a natural
process, has reached dangerous situation in our country as a result of
increasing human impact on natural resources and misuse of land. Some equations
such as EUROSEM LISEM, SWAT, WEPP have been developed in order to be able to
make decisions about reducing this effect and trying to put out annual average
soil losses. The study area whose name is the Foldere Stream Micro watershed
covering Vakfıkebir and Tonya Districts in Trabzon is located in the Eastern
Black Sea Region of Turkey. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and geo-statistical methods, which are
widely used in the world, have been used to calculate soil erosion amount in
the study. As a result, the mean values of R, K, LS and C variables were
determined as 422.0 MJ ha-1 mm hour-1 yıl-1, 0.0182 tha hour ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1,
10.7 and 0.02, respectively. Estimated annual average soil loss in the Foldere
Watershed is 3.76 ton / ha. When the average annual soil loss of 6.5 ton / ha
is taken in Turkey, it is understood that the loss of land in the watershed
below the average of Turkey. The results obtained in the study are indicative
of the application of erosion control strategies and the study of watershed
planning.

References

  • Atalay İ (1984). Soil erosion and its effects on the transportation and the modern sedimentation in Turkey, 31-47.
  • Avcı V, Sungar M, Toprak A (2017). Malatya Kuzeydoğusunda Ballı ve Memikan Dereleri Arasındaki Sahanın Erozyon Duyarlılık Analizi, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27, 770-799. DOI: 10.14520/adyusbd.329256.
  • Balcı AN, (1996). Toprak Koruma. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No:3947, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları No:439. İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Başel EDK, Çakın K, Satman A (2008). Türkiye’nin Yeraltı Sıcaklık Haritası ve Tahmini Isı İçeriği. VII. Ulusal Temiz Enerji Sempozyumu, Aralık, İstanbul, Bildiriler Kitabı, 635-644.
  • Bayramin İ, Basaran M, Erpul G, Canga MR (2008). Assessing the effects of land use changes on soil sensitivity to erosion in a highland ecosystem of semi-arid Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 140: 249-265.
  • Boyce RC (1975). Sediment routing with sediment delivery ratios. Present and Prospective Technology for ARS. USDA, Washington, D.C.
  • Çepel N (1996). Toprak erozyonu, ülkemiz boyutları ve orman-erozyon ilişkisi. TEMA Vakfı 8. Erozyon eğitim kursu notları, Adana, 1-15.
  • Ding J, Jiang Y, Fu L, Liu Q, Peng Q, Kang M (2015). Impacts of Land Use on Surface Water Quality in a Subtropical River Basin: A Case Study of the Dongjiang River Basin, Southeastern China, Water, 7: 4427-4445; DOI:10.3390/w7084427
  • Doğan O (1982). Ankara koşullarında üniversal denklem faktörleri (ara rapor). Merkez Topraksu Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Genel Yayın No: 82, Rapor Yayın No: 25, Ankara.
  • Doğan O, Küçükkanar N (1994). Ankara yöresinde üniversal toprak kaybı eşitliği parametreleri. KHGM Ankara Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
  • EEA (2000). Europen Environment Agency.
  • Issaka S, Ashraf MA (2017). Impact of soil erosion and degradation on water quality: a review. Taylor&Francis Group, Geology, Ecology and Landscapes, DOI: 10.1080/24749508.2017.1301053.
  • Kamaludin H, Lihan T, Ali Rahman Z, Mustapha MA, Idris WMR, Rahim SA (2013). Integration of remote sensing, RUSLE and GIS to model potential soil loss and sediment yield (SY), Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10: 4567–4596.
  • Karagül R (1999). Trabzon-Sögütlüdere Havzasında Farklı Arazi Kullanım Sekilleri Altındaki Toprakların Bazı Özellikleri ve Erozyon Egilimlerinin Arastırılmasıü, Journal of Agriculture and Forestry-TUBITAK, 23: 53-68.
  • Koralay N, Kara O, Kezik U (2018). Effects of run-of-the-river hydropower plants on the surface water quality in the Solakli stream watershed, Northeastern Turkey, Water and Environment Journal, DOI: 10.1111/wej.12338.
  • Kottek M, Grieser J, Beck C, Rudolf B, Rubel F (2006). World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15: 259-263.
  • Laflen JM, Foster GR, Onstad CA (1985). Simulation of individual- storm soil loss for modeling the impact of soil erosion on crop productivity. Soil erosion and conservation, 285-295.
  • Li Y, Migliaccio K (2011). Water Quality Concepts, Sampling And Analyses, Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press, LLC.
  • Lin BS, Thomas K, Chen CK, Ho HC (2016). Evaluation of soil erosion risk for watershed management in Shenmu watershed, central Taiwan using USLE model parameters, The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering and Springer, 14: 19–43.
  • Mahala A (2018). Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniques—a study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11: 335.
  • Özcan AU, Uzun O, Başaran M, Erpul G, Akşit S, Palancıoğlu HM (2015). Soil erosion risk assessment for volcano cone of Alidaği Mountain by using USLE/RUSLE, GIS and Geostatistics.
  • Panagos P, Borrelli P, Meusburger K, Alewell C, Lugato E, Montanarella L (2015). Estimating the soil erosion cover-management factor at the European scale. Land Use Policy, 48:38–50.
  • Rehman OU, Rashid M, Kausar R, Alvi S, Hussain R (2015). Slope Gradient and Vegetation Cover Effects on the Runoff and Sediment Yield in Hillslope Agriculture. Turkish Journal of Agriculture- Food Science and Technology, 3 (6): 478-483.
  • Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies G, McCool D, Yoder D (1997). Predicting soil erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). US Government Printing Office Washington, DC.
  • Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, Porter JP (1991). RUSLE: revised universal soil loss equation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 46: 30-33.
  • Rymbai PN, Jha LK (2012). Estimation of sediment production rate of the Umbaniun Micro-watershed, Meghalaya, India. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 5(11): 293-297.
  • Saygın SD, Ozcan AU, Basaran M, Timur OB, Dolarslan M, Yılman FE, Erpul G (2014). The combined RUSLE/SDR approach integrated with GIS and geostatistics to estimate annual sediment flux rates in the semi-arid catchment, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71: 1605-1618.
  • Shi ZH, Fang NF, Wu FZ, Wang L, Yue BJ, Wu GL (2012). Soil erosion processes and sediment sorting associated with transport mechanisms on steep slopes. Journal of Hydrology, 454–455, 123–130.
  • Sthiannopkao S, Takizawa S, Wirojanagud W (2006). Effects of soil erosion on water quality and water uses in the upper Phong watershed.Water Science & Technology, 53(2): 45-52.
  • Sthiannopkao S, Takizawa S, Homewong J, Wirojanagud W (2007). Soil erosion and its impacts on water treatment in the northeastern provinces of Thailand, Environment International, 33: 706–711.
  • Sungar M, Avcı V (2015). Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Uzaktan Algılama (UA) İle Hasret Dağı ve Çevresinin (Elazığ) Erozyon Duyarlılık Analizi, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1): 17-40.
  • USDA (1972). Sediment sources, yields, and delivery ratios. National Engineering Handbook, Section 3 Sedimentation.
  • Vanoni VA (1975). Sedimentation Engineering, Manual and Report No. 54. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, N.Y.
  • Walkley A, Black LA (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matier and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37: 29-38.
  • Welde K, Gebremariam B (2017). Effect of land use land cover dynamics on hydrological response of watershed: Case study of Tekeze Dam watershed, northern Ethiopia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 5: 1–16
  • Wischmeier WH (1959). A rainfall erosion index for a universal soil-loss equation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 23: 246-249.
  • Wischmeier WH (1984). The USLE: Some reflections. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 39: 105-107.
  • Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1958). Rainfall energy and its relationship to soil loss. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 39: 285-291.
  • Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning. Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning.
  • Yıldırım Ü, Erkal T (2009). RUSLE yöntemi ile Afyon ovasının batı kesiminin erozyon risk tahmini. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, BAP 07.FENED.06 Nolu Proje Sonuç Raporu, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Yılmaz E (2006). Çamlıdere baraj havzasında erozyon problemi ve risk analizi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Yılman FE (2009). Eldivan Sarayköy-IIgöleti (Çankırı) su toplama havzasında Rusle yöntemi ile toprak kayıplarının tahmin edilmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 152s, Ankara.

Foldere Yağış Havzasında Rusle Yöntemine Göre Toprak Erozyonunun Belirlenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 638 - 652, 15.12.2018

Abstract

Gerçekte doğal bir süreç olan toprak erozyonu doğal kaynaklar üzerindeki
artan insan etkisi ve yanlış arazi kullanımı sonucunda ülkemizde tehlikeli
boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Meydana gelen bu etkiyi azaltmaya yönelik kararlar
alınabilmesi için EUROSEM, LISEM, SWAT, WEPP gibi bazı eşitlikler
geliştirilerek yıllık ortalama toprak kayıpları ortaya konulmaya
çalışılmaktadır. Çalışma alanı, Türkiye’nin Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde bulunan
Trabzon ili Vakfıkebir ve Tonya İlçelerini kapsayan Fol Deresi Mikro
Havzasıdır. Çalışmada toprak erozyonu miktarının hesaplanmasında dünyada yaygın
olarak kullanılan Evrensel Toprak Kaybı Denklemi (RUSLE) ve Coğrafi Bilgi
Sistemleri (CBS) ve jeo-istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Çalışma
sonucunda, sırasıyla ortalama R, K, LS ve C değişken değerleri 422.0 MJ ha-1 mm
saat-1 yıl-1, 0.0182 tha saat ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1, 10.7 ve 0.026 olarak
belirlenmiştir. Bu verilere göre; Fol Deresi Havzasında yıllık ortalama toprak
kaybı 3,76 ton/ha hesaplanmıştır. Türkiye’de ortalama yıllık toprak kaybı 6,5
ton/ha olarak alındığında, havzadaki toprak kaybının Türkiye ortalamasının
altında olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen veriler erozyon
kontrol stratejilerinin uygulanması ve havza planlanması çalışmalarında yol
gösterici niteliktedir.

References

  • Atalay İ (1984). Soil erosion and its effects on the transportation and the modern sedimentation in Turkey, 31-47.
  • Avcı V, Sungar M, Toprak A (2017). Malatya Kuzeydoğusunda Ballı ve Memikan Dereleri Arasındaki Sahanın Erozyon Duyarlılık Analizi, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27, 770-799. DOI: 10.14520/adyusbd.329256.
  • Balcı AN, (1996). Toprak Koruma. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No:3947, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları No:439. İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Başel EDK, Çakın K, Satman A (2008). Türkiye’nin Yeraltı Sıcaklık Haritası ve Tahmini Isı İçeriği. VII. Ulusal Temiz Enerji Sempozyumu, Aralık, İstanbul, Bildiriler Kitabı, 635-644.
  • Bayramin İ, Basaran M, Erpul G, Canga MR (2008). Assessing the effects of land use changes on soil sensitivity to erosion in a highland ecosystem of semi-arid Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 140: 249-265.
  • Boyce RC (1975). Sediment routing with sediment delivery ratios. Present and Prospective Technology for ARS. USDA, Washington, D.C.
  • Çepel N (1996). Toprak erozyonu, ülkemiz boyutları ve orman-erozyon ilişkisi. TEMA Vakfı 8. Erozyon eğitim kursu notları, Adana, 1-15.
  • Ding J, Jiang Y, Fu L, Liu Q, Peng Q, Kang M (2015). Impacts of Land Use on Surface Water Quality in a Subtropical River Basin: A Case Study of the Dongjiang River Basin, Southeastern China, Water, 7: 4427-4445; DOI:10.3390/w7084427
  • Doğan O (1982). Ankara koşullarında üniversal denklem faktörleri (ara rapor). Merkez Topraksu Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Genel Yayın No: 82, Rapor Yayın No: 25, Ankara.
  • Doğan O, Küçükkanar N (1994). Ankara yöresinde üniversal toprak kaybı eşitliği parametreleri. KHGM Ankara Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
  • EEA (2000). Europen Environment Agency.
  • Issaka S, Ashraf MA (2017). Impact of soil erosion and degradation on water quality: a review. Taylor&Francis Group, Geology, Ecology and Landscapes, DOI: 10.1080/24749508.2017.1301053.
  • Kamaludin H, Lihan T, Ali Rahman Z, Mustapha MA, Idris WMR, Rahim SA (2013). Integration of remote sensing, RUSLE and GIS to model potential soil loss and sediment yield (SY), Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10: 4567–4596.
  • Karagül R (1999). Trabzon-Sögütlüdere Havzasında Farklı Arazi Kullanım Sekilleri Altındaki Toprakların Bazı Özellikleri ve Erozyon Egilimlerinin Arastırılmasıü, Journal of Agriculture and Forestry-TUBITAK, 23: 53-68.
  • Koralay N, Kara O, Kezik U (2018). Effects of run-of-the-river hydropower plants on the surface water quality in the Solakli stream watershed, Northeastern Turkey, Water and Environment Journal, DOI: 10.1111/wej.12338.
  • Kottek M, Grieser J, Beck C, Rudolf B, Rubel F (2006). World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15: 259-263.
  • Laflen JM, Foster GR, Onstad CA (1985). Simulation of individual- storm soil loss for modeling the impact of soil erosion on crop productivity. Soil erosion and conservation, 285-295.
  • Li Y, Migliaccio K (2011). Water Quality Concepts, Sampling And Analyses, Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press, LLC.
  • Lin BS, Thomas K, Chen CK, Ho HC (2016). Evaluation of soil erosion risk for watershed management in Shenmu watershed, central Taiwan using USLE model parameters, The International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering and Springer, 14: 19–43.
  • Mahala A (2018). Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniques—a study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11: 335.
  • Özcan AU, Uzun O, Başaran M, Erpul G, Akşit S, Palancıoğlu HM (2015). Soil erosion risk assessment for volcano cone of Alidaği Mountain by using USLE/RUSLE, GIS and Geostatistics.
  • Panagos P, Borrelli P, Meusburger K, Alewell C, Lugato E, Montanarella L (2015). Estimating the soil erosion cover-management factor at the European scale. Land Use Policy, 48:38–50.
  • Rehman OU, Rashid M, Kausar R, Alvi S, Hussain R (2015). Slope Gradient and Vegetation Cover Effects on the Runoff and Sediment Yield in Hillslope Agriculture. Turkish Journal of Agriculture- Food Science and Technology, 3 (6): 478-483.
  • Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies G, McCool D, Yoder D (1997). Predicting soil erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). US Government Printing Office Washington, DC.
  • Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, Porter JP (1991). RUSLE: revised universal soil loss equation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 46: 30-33.
  • Rymbai PN, Jha LK (2012). Estimation of sediment production rate of the Umbaniun Micro-watershed, Meghalaya, India. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 5(11): 293-297.
  • Saygın SD, Ozcan AU, Basaran M, Timur OB, Dolarslan M, Yılman FE, Erpul G (2014). The combined RUSLE/SDR approach integrated with GIS and geostatistics to estimate annual sediment flux rates in the semi-arid catchment, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71: 1605-1618.
  • Shi ZH, Fang NF, Wu FZ, Wang L, Yue BJ, Wu GL (2012). Soil erosion processes and sediment sorting associated with transport mechanisms on steep slopes. Journal of Hydrology, 454–455, 123–130.
  • Sthiannopkao S, Takizawa S, Wirojanagud W (2006). Effects of soil erosion on water quality and water uses in the upper Phong watershed.Water Science & Technology, 53(2): 45-52.
  • Sthiannopkao S, Takizawa S, Homewong J, Wirojanagud W (2007). Soil erosion and its impacts on water treatment in the northeastern provinces of Thailand, Environment International, 33: 706–711.
  • Sungar M, Avcı V (2015). Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Uzaktan Algılama (UA) İle Hasret Dağı ve Çevresinin (Elazığ) Erozyon Duyarlılık Analizi, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1): 17-40.
  • USDA (1972). Sediment sources, yields, and delivery ratios. National Engineering Handbook, Section 3 Sedimentation.
  • Vanoni VA (1975). Sedimentation Engineering, Manual and Report No. 54. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, N.Y.
  • Walkley A, Black LA (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matier and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37: 29-38.
  • Welde K, Gebremariam B (2017). Effect of land use land cover dynamics on hydrological response of watershed: Case study of Tekeze Dam watershed, northern Ethiopia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 5: 1–16
  • Wischmeier WH (1959). A rainfall erosion index for a universal soil-loss equation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 23: 246-249.
  • Wischmeier WH (1984). The USLE: Some reflections. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 39: 105-107.
  • Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1958). Rainfall energy and its relationship to soil loss. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 39: 285-291.
  • Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning. Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning.
  • Yıldırım Ü, Erkal T (2009). RUSLE yöntemi ile Afyon ovasının batı kesiminin erozyon risk tahmini. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, BAP 07.FENED.06 Nolu Proje Sonuç Raporu, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Yılmaz E (2006). Çamlıdere baraj havzasında erozyon problemi ve risk analizi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Yılman FE (2009). Eldivan Sarayköy-IIgöleti (Çankırı) su toplama havzasında Rusle yöntemi ile toprak kayıplarının tahmin edilmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 152s, Ankara.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Biodiversity, Environmental Management and Policy, Sustainable Forestry
Authors

Ömer Kara

Kamil Çakıroğlu This is me

Necla Koralay 0000-0002-9223-6795

Publication Date December 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 20 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kara, Ö., Çakıroğlu, K., & Koralay, N. (2018). Foldere Yağış Havzasında Rusle Yöntemine Göre Toprak Erozyonunun Belirlenmesi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 638-652.


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