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Peyzaj Direnç Değişimlerinin Ekolojik Bağlantılar Üzerine Etkileri: Çankırı Örneği

Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 979 - 992, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.752271

Abstract

Peyzaj direnci kavramı, çevresel parametrelerin yaban hayvanlarının hareketlerini nasıl etkilediğini nicel olarak tahmin etmek için peyzaj ekolojisi ve koruma biyolojisinde son yıllarda oldukça sık kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada, zamansal olarak mekânsal değişimin ve peyzaj dirençlerinin ekolojik bağlantılar üzerine etkisini Çankırı ili örneğinde ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Hedef tür olarak karaca (Capreolus capreolus) seçilmiştir. Öncelikli olarak peyzaj dirençleri için arazi kullanımları, karayolları ve akarsu ağı değişkenleri seçilmiş ve bu değişkenlerin direnç değerleri belirlenmiştir. Çekirdek alan olarak 1.000 hektardan büyük tek parça halindeki orman alanları seçilmiştir. Çalışma alanı için iki farklı zamana ait peyzaj dirençleri hesaplanmıştır. İstanbul-Samsun karayolu (D-100), Çankırı ilini doğudan batıya doğru kesen en önemli bariyerdir. Bu yüzden D-100'ün böldüğü alan için iki farklı koridor seçilmiştir. Hedef tür için koridor güzergâhları, least-cost modeli (en az maliyetli yol) kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Analiz sonucuna göre 2000 ve 2018 yıllarına ait Path1 (P1) ve Path2 (P2) koridorlarının ikisinde de zamansal olarak değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. P1 koridoru için 2000 yılı direnç/metre ortalaması 4.83, 2018 yılı için 5.31 olarak artarken, P2 koridoru için 6.38’den 5.90 değerine düşmüştür. Bu değişiklik, D-100 karayolu ve çevresinde oluşan yerleşimlerin yaban hayatı üzerine etkisini net bir şekilde ortaya koymaktadır. Parçalanmış peyzaj yamaları arasında ekolojik bağlantıların tekrar tesis edilmesi, biyoçeşitliliğin sürdürülebilirliği için oldukça önemlidir. Çankırı’da peyzaj dirençlerinin belirlenmesi, ekolojik bağlantıların planlamasında nasıl bir koridorun oluşturulacağı ve gerekli olan önlemlerin neler olacağını ortaya koyması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

References

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  • Andersen R, Duncan P, Linnell JDC (1998). European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, Norway.
  • Avağ A, Koç A, Kendir H (2012). Ulusal Mera Kullanım ve Yönetim Projesi. TÜBİTAK KAMAG 106G017,1226 s.
  • Bennett AF (1999). Linkages in The Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation (No. 1). IUCN.
  • Bennett G (2004). Integrating Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use: Lessons Learned from Ecological Networks. IUCN.
  • Berger J (1997). Population constraints associated with the use of black rhinos as an umbrella species for desert herbivores. Conservation Biology, 11, 69 – 78.
  • Burkey TV (1989). Extinction in nature reserves: the effect of fragmentation and the importance of migration between reserve fragments. Oikos, 55(1), 75-81.
  • Carroll C, Noss RF, Paquet PC, Schumaker NH (2004). Extinction debt of protected areas in developing landscapes. Conservation Biology, 18(4), 1110-1120.
  • Carroll C, Noss RF, Paquet PC (2001). Carnivores as focal species for conservation planning in the Rocky Mountain Region. Ecological Applications, 11, 961 – 980.
  • Clevenger AP, Wierzchowski J (2006). Maintaining and restoring connectivity in landscapes fragmented by roads. Conservatıon Biology Series-CambridgE-, 14, 502.
  • COPERNICUS (2020). CORINE 2000 VE 2018 uydu görüntü veri setleri. https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover. Erişim tarihi: 05 Mart 2020.
  • Cushman SA, Gutzweiler K, Evans JS, McGarigal K (2010). The gradient paradigm: a conceptual and analytical framework for landscape ecology. In Cushman S.A., & F. Huettmann (Eds.), Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation (pp 83–108). New York, USA: Springer.
  • ÇŞM (2018). Çankırı İli Çevre Durum Raporu. Çankırı Valiliği. İl Çevre ve Şehircilik Müdürlüğü. 143s.
  • Danilkin A (1996). Behavioural Ecology of Siberian and European Roe Deer. Chapman and Hall, London, UK. Dehaghi IM, Salmanmahiny A, Karimi S, Shabani AA (2018). Multi–criteria evaluation and simulated annealing for delimiting high priority habitats of Alectoris chukar and Phasianus colchicus in Iran. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 41(1), 185-193.
  • Diamond JM (1975). The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 7, 129-146.
  • East R (1981). Species‐area curves and populations of large mammals in African savanna reserves. Biological Conservation, 21, 111-126.
  • Eisenberg JF (1980). The density and biomass of tropical mammals. In M. E. Soulé & B. A. Wilcox, (Eds.), Conservation biology: an evolutionary‐ecological perspective (pp. 35-55). Massachusetts, USA: Sinauer Associates.
  • Ertuğrul G (2011). Çankırı–Korubaşı tepe ve civarındaki jipsli alanların florası. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Fahrig L, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Bennett JR., Boucher-Lalonde V, Cazetta E, Currie DJ, ... & Koper N (2019). Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity?. Biological Conservation, 230, 179-186.
  • Farrell LE, Levy DM, Donovan T, Mickey R, Howard A, Vashon J, ... & Kilpatrick CW (2018). Landscape connectivity for bobcat (Lynx rufus) and lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the Northeastern United States. PloS one, 13(3).
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  • Girardet X, Conruyt-Rogeon G, Foltête JC (2015). Does regional landscape connectivity influence the location of roe deer roadkill hotspots? European Journal Of Wildlife Research, 61(5), 731-742.
  • Gökmen B (2007). Çankırı ili coğrafyası. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Gurrutxaga M, Lozano PJ, Del Barrio G (2010). Assessing highway permeability for the restoration of landscape connectivity between protected areas in the Basque Country, Northern Spain. Landscape Research, 35(5), 529-550.
  • Güven Y (2019). Çankırı ilinde trafik ve karayollarının memeli hayvanlar üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çankırı.
  • Hepcan Ş, Hepcan ÇC, Bouwma IM, Jongman RH, Özkan MB (2009). Ecological networks as a new approach for nature conservation in Turkey: a case study of Izmir Province. Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(3-4), 143-154.
  • IUCN (2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. www.iucnredlist.org. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2020.
  • Keten A. (2017). Distribution and habitat preference of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in Düzce Province of Turkey. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(1), 22-28.
  • KGM (2020). Devlet Karayolları trafik hacim haritası. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/ Trafik/TrafikHacimHaritasi.aspx. Erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2020.
  • Koen EL, Garroway CJ, Wilson PJ, Bowman J (2010). The effect of map boundary on estimates of landscape resistance to animal movement. PloS one, 5(7).
  • Kramer‐Schadt S, Revilla E, Wiegand T, Breitenmoser URS (2004). Fragmented landscapes, road mortality and patch connectivity: modelling influences on the dispersal of Eurasian lynx. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(4), 711-723.
  • Larkin JL, Maehr DS, Hoctor TS, Orlando MA, Whitney K (2004). Landscape linkages and conservation planning for the black bear in west-central Florida. In Animal Conservation forum (Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 23-34). Cambridge University Press.
  • Lovari S, Herrero J, Masseti M, Ambarli H, Lorenzini R. Giannatos G (2016). Capreolus capreolus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T42395A22161386. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42395A22161386.en.
  • MacArthur R, Wilson EO (1963). An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution, 17, 373-387.
  • MacArthur R, Wilson EO (1967). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  • Martikainen P, Kaila L, Haila Y (1998). Threatened beetles in White‐backed Woodpecker habitats. Conservation Biology, 12, 293 – 301.
  • McNa, BK (1963). Bioenergetics and the determination of home range size. The American Naturalist, 97(894), 133-140.
  • McRae BH, Kavanagh DM (2011). Linkage Mapper Connectivity Analysis Software. The Nature Conservancy, Seattle WA.
  • MGM (2019). Çankırı İli Meteoroloji Verileri, 13.06.2019 tarihinde https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=CANKIRI adresinden alındı.
  • Minor ES, Urban DL (2008). A graph‐theory framework for evaluating landscape connectivity and conservation planning. Conservation Biology, 22(2), 297-307.
  • Noss RF, Daly KM (2006). Incorporating connectivity into broad–scale conservation planning. In K. Crooks, & M. Sanjayan (Eds.), Connectivity Conservation (pp. 587–619). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Noss RF, Quigley HB, Hornocker MG, Merrill T, Paquet PC (1996). Conservation biology and carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology, 10 : 949 – 963.
  • OGM (2020). Çankırı ili orman varlığı. https://ankaraobm.ogm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ormanlarimiz/OrmanVarligi.aspx. Erişim tarihi: 17 Nisan 2020.
  • Özcan AU, Özkazanç NK (2017). Identifying the hotspots of wildlife vehicle collision on Çankırı-Kırıkkale Highway during summer. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 41, 722-730.
  • Peterson RO (1988). The pit or the pendulum: issues in large carnivore management in natural ecosystems. In J. K. Agee & D. R. Johnson (Eds.), Ecosystem Management for Parks and Wilderness (pp. 105-117). Seattle, USA: University of Washington Press.
  • Pinto N, Keitt TH (2009). Beyond the least-cost path: evaluating corridor redundancy using a graph-theoretic approach. Landscape Ecology, 24(2), 253-266.
  • Preston FW (1962). The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. Ecology 43(2), 185-215.
  • Sempéré AJ, Sokolov VE, Danilkin AA (1996). Capreolus capreolus. Mammalian Species, 538, 1-9.
  • Shafer CL (1990). Nature reserves: island theory and conservation practice. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Shirk AJ, Schroeder MA, Robb LA, Cushman SA (2015). Empirical validation of landscape resistance models: insights from the Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Landscape Ecology, 30(10), 1837-1850.
  • Soule ME (1991). Theory and Strategy, In J. M Scott, Soulé, M. E., Csuti, B., Hay, K., Harris, L., Cutler, R., ... & F. Pace (Eds.), Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity. Island Press.
  • Stubbe C (1999). Capreolus capreolus. In A. J. Mitchell-Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanowicz, B. Kryštufek, P. J. H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J. B. M. Thissen, V. Vohralík & J. Zima (Eds.), The Atlas of European Mammals, London, UK: Academic Press.
  • Suter W, Graf RF, Hess R (2002). Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and avian biodiversity: testing the umbrella‐species concept. Conservation Biology, 16: 778 – 788.
  • Şahin B, Aslan S, Ünal S, Mutlu Z, Mermer A, Urla Ö, ... & Aydoğmuş O (2015). Çankırı ili meralarının floristik özellikleri. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 1-15.
  • Taylor PD, Fahrig L, Henein K, Merriam G (1993). Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos, 571-573.
  • TÜBİVES (2020). Türkiye bitkileri veri servisi. http://turkherb.ibu.edu.tr/. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mart 2020.
  • TÜİK (2020). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Çankırı nüfus bilgileri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr. Erişim tarihi: 28 Mart 2020.
  • Urban DL, Minor ES, Treml EA, Schick RS (2009). Graph models of habitat mosaics. Ecology Letters, 12(3), 260-273.
  • Verbeylen G, De Bruyn L, Adriaensen F, Matthysen E (2003). Does matrix resistance influence Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L. 1758) distribution in an urban landscape? Landscape Ecology, 18(8), 791-805.
  • Vuilleumier S, Prelaz–Droux R (2002). Map of ecological networks for landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 58, 157–170.
  • Wallis de Vries MF (1995). Large herbivores and the design of large‐scale nature reserves in Western Europe. Conservation Biology, 9: 25 – 33.
  • Wilcox BA (1984). Concepts in conservation biology: applications to the management of biological diversity. In J. A. McNeely & K. R. Miller (Eds.), National Parks, Conservation, and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society (pp. 639-647). Wilson EO, Willis EO (1975). Applied biogeography. In M. L. Cody, & J. M. Diamond (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities (pp. 522-534). Harvard, MA, USA: Harvard University Press.
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Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 979 - 992, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.752271

Abstract

References

  • Adriaensen F, Chardon JP, De Blust G, Swinnen E, Villalba S, Gulinck H, Matthysen E (2003). The application of ‘least-cost’modelling as a functional landscape model. Landscape And Urban Planning, 64(4), 233-247.
  • Andersen R, Duncan P, Linnell JDC (1998). European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, Norway.
  • Avağ A, Koç A, Kendir H (2012). Ulusal Mera Kullanım ve Yönetim Projesi. TÜBİTAK KAMAG 106G017,1226 s.
  • Bennett AF (1999). Linkages in The Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation (No. 1). IUCN.
  • Bennett G (2004). Integrating Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use: Lessons Learned from Ecological Networks. IUCN.
  • Berger J (1997). Population constraints associated with the use of black rhinos as an umbrella species for desert herbivores. Conservation Biology, 11, 69 – 78.
  • Burkey TV (1989). Extinction in nature reserves: the effect of fragmentation and the importance of migration between reserve fragments. Oikos, 55(1), 75-81.
  • Carroll C, Noss RF, Paquet PC, Schumaker NH (2004). Extinction debt of protected areas in developing landscapes. Conservation Biology, 18(4), 1110-1120.
  • Carroll C, Noss RF, Paquet PC (2001). Carnivores as focal species for conservation planning in the Rocky Mountain Region. Ecological Applications, 11, 961 – 980.
  • Clevenger AP, Wierzchowski J (2006). Maintaining and restoring connectivity in landscapes fragmented by roads. Conservatıon Biology Series-CambridgE-, 14, 502.
  • COPERNICUS (2020). CORINE 2000 VE 2018 uydu görüntü veri setleri. https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover. Erişim tarihi: 05 Mart 2020.
  • Cushman SA, Gutzweiler K, Evans JS, McGarigal K (2010). The gradient paradigm: a conceptual and analytical framework for landscape ecology. In Cushman S.A., & F. Huettmann (Eds.), Spatial complexity, informatics, and wildlife conservation (pp 83–108). New York, USA: Springer.
  • ÇŞM (2018). Çankırı İli Çevre Durum Raporu. Çankırı Valiliği. İl Çevre ve Şehircilik Müdürlüğü. 143s.
  • Danilkin A (1996). Behavioural Ecology of Siberian and European Roe Deer. Chapman and Hall, London, UK. Dehaghi IM, Salmanmahiny A, Karimi S, Shabani AA (2018). Multi–criteria evaluation and simulated annealing for delimiting high priority habitats of Alectoris chukar and Phasianus colchicus in Iran. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 41(1), 185-193.
  • Diamond JM (1975). The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 7, 129-146.
  • East R (1981). Species‐area curves and populations of large mammals in African savanna reserves. Biological Conservation, 21, 111-126.
  • Eisenberg JF (1980). The density and biomass of tropical mammals. In M. E. Soulé & B. A. Wilcox, (Eds.), Conservation biology: an evolutionary‐ecological perspective (pp. 35-55). Massachusetts, USA: Sinauer Associates.
  • Ertuğrul G (2011). Çankırı–Korubaşı tepe ve civarındaki jipsli alanların florası. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Fahrig L, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Bennett JR., Boucher-Lalonde V, Cazetta E, Currie DJ, ... & Koper N (2019). Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity?. Biological Conservation, 230, 179-186.
  • Farrell LE, Levy DM, Donovan T, Mickey R, Howard A, Vashon J, ... & Kilpatrick CW (2018). Landscape connectivity for bobcat (Lynx rufus) and lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the Northeastern United States. PloS one, 13(3).
  • Gilbert-Norton L, Wilson R, Stevens JR, Beard KH (2010). A meta-analytic review of corridor effectiveness. Conservation Biology, 24(3), 660-668.
  • Girardet X, Conruyt-Rogeon G, Foltête JC (2015). Does regional landscape connectivity influence the location of roe deer roadkill hotspots? European Journal Of Wildlife Research, 61(5), 731-742.
  • Gökmen B (2007). Çankırı ili coğrafyası. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Gurrutxaga M, Lozano PJ, Del Barrio G (2010). Assessing highway permeability for the restoration of landscape connectivity between protected areas in the Basque Country, Northern Spain. Landscape Research, 35(5), 529-550.
  • Güven Y (2019). Çankırı ilinde trafik ve karayollarının memeli hayvanlar üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çankırı.
  • Hepcan Ş, Hepcan ÇC, Bouwma IM, Jongman RH, Özkan MB (2009). Ecological networks as a new approach for nature conservation in Turkey: a case study of Izmir Province. Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(3-4), 143-154.
  • IUCN (2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. www.iucnredlist.org. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2020.
  • Keten A. (2017). Distribution and habitat preference of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in Düzce Province of Turkey. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(1), 22-28.
  • KGM (2020). Devlet Karayolları trafik hacim haritası. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/ Trafik/TrafikHacimHaritasi.aspx. Erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2020.
  • Koen EL, Garroway CJ, Wilson PJ, Bowman J (2010). The effect of map boundary on estimates of landscape resistance to animal movement. PloS one, 5(7).
  • Kramer‐Schadt S, Revilla E, Wiegand T, Breitenmoser URS (2004). Fragmented landscapes, road mortality and patch connectivity: modelling influences on the dispersal of Eurasian lynx. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(4), 711-723.
  • Larkin JL, Maehr DS, Hoctor TS, Orlando MA, Whitney K (2004). Landscape linkages and conservation planning for the black bear in west-central Florida. In Animal Conservation forum (Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 23-34). Cambridge University Press.
  • Lovari S, Herrero J, Masseti M, Ambarli H, Lorenzini R. Giannatos G (2016). Capreolus capreolus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T42395A22161386. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42395A22161386.en.
  • MacArthur R, Wilson EO (1963). An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution, 17, 373-387.
  • MacArthur R, Wilson EO (1967). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  • Martikainen P, Kaila L, Haila Y (1998). Threatened beetles in White‐backed Woodpecker habitats. Conservation Biology, 12, 293 – 301.
  • McNa, BK (1963). Bioenergetics and the determination of home range size. The American Naturalist, 97(894), 133-140.
  • McRae BH, Kavanagh DM (2011). Linkage Mapper Connectivity Analysis Software. The Nature Conservancy, Seattle WA.
  • MGM (2019). Çankırı İli Meteoroloji Verileri, 13.06.2019 tarihinde https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=CANKIRI adresinden alındı.
  • Minor ES, Urban DL (2008). A graph‐theory framework for evaluating landscape connectivity and conservation planning. Conservation Biology, 22(2), 297-307.
  • Noss RF, Daly KM (2006). Incorporating connectivity into broad–scale conservation planning. In K. Crooks, & M. Sanjayan (Eds.), Connectivity Conservation (pp. 587–619). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Noss RF, Quigley HB, Hornocker MG, Merrill T, Paquet PC (1996). Conservation biology and carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology, 10 : 949 – 963.
  • OGM (2020). Çankırı ili orman varlığı. https://ankaraobm.ogm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ormanlarimiz/OrmanVarligi.aspx. Erişim tarihi: 17 Nisan 2020.
  • Özcan AU, Özkazanç NK (2017). Identifying the hotspots of wildlife vehicle collision on Çankırı-Kırıkkale Highway during summer. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 41, 722-730.
  • Peterson RO (1988). The pit or the pendulum: issues in large carnivore management in natural ecosystems. In J. K. Agee & D. R. Johnson (Eds.), Ecosystem Management for Parks and Wilderness (pp. 105-117). Seattle, USA: University of Washington Press.
  • Pinto N, Keitt TH (2009). Beyond the least-cost path: evaluating corridor redundancy using a graph-theoretic approach. Landscape Ecology, 24(2), 253-266.
  • Preston FW (1962). The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity. Ecology 43(2), 185-215.
  • Sempéré AJ, Sokolov VE, Danilkin AA (1996). Capreolus capreolus. Mammalian Species, 538, 1-9.
  • Shafer CL (1990). Nature reserves: island theory and conservation practice. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Shirk AJ, Schroeder MA, Robb LA, Cushman SA (2015). Empirical validation of landscape resistance models: insights from the Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Landscape Ecology, 30(10), 1837-1850.
  • Soule ME (1991). Theory and Strategy, In J. M Scott, Soulé, M. E., Csuti, B., Hay, K., Harris, L., Cutler, R., ... & F. Pace (Eds.), Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity. Island Press.
  • Stubbe C (1999). Capreolus capreolus. In A. J. Mitchell-Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanowicz, B. Kryštufek, P. J. H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J. B. M. Thissen, V. Vohralík & J. Zima (Eds.), The Atlas of European Mammals, London, UK: Academic Press.
  • Suter W, Graf RF, Hess R (2002). Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and avian biodiversity: testing the umbrella‐species concept. Conservation Biology, 16: 778 – 788.
  • Şahin B, Aslan S, Ünal S, Mutlu Z, Mermer A, Urla Ö, ... & Aydoğmuş O (2015). Çankırı ili meralarının floristik özellikleri. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 1-15.
  • Taylor PD, Fahrig L, Henein K, Merriam G (1993). Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos, 571-573.
  • TÜBİVES (2020). Türkiye bitkileri veri servisi. http://turkherb.ibu.edu.tr/. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mart 2020.
  • TÜİK (2020). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Çankırı nüfus bilgileri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr. Erişim tarihi: 28 Mart 2020.
  • Urban DL, Minor ES, Treml EA, Schick RS (2009). Graph models of habitat mosaics. Ecology Letters, 12(3), 260-273.
  • Verbeylen G, De Bruyn L, Adriaensen F, Matthysen E (2003). Does matrix resistance influence Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L. 1758) distribution in an urban landscape? Landscape Ecology, 18(8), 791-805.
  • Vuilleumier S, Prelaz–Droux R (2002). Map of ecological networks for landscape planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 58, 157–170.
  • Wallis de Vries MF (1995). Large herbivores and the design of large‐scale nature reserves in Western Europe. Conservation Biology, 9: 25 – 33.
  • Wilcox BA (1984). Concepts in conservation biology: applications to the management of biological diversity. In J. A. McNeely & K. R. Miller (Eds.), National Parks, Conservation, and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society (pp. 639-647). Wilson EO, Willis EO (1975). Applied biogeography. In M. L. Cody, & J. M. Diamond (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities (pp. 522-534). Harvard, MA, USA: Harvard University Press.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ecology, Conservation and Biodiversity
Journal Section Biodiversity, Environmental Management and Policy, Sustainable Forestry
Authors

Ali Uğur Özcan 0000-0002-9046-8074

İbrahim Aytaş 0000-0002-0997-5862

Publication Date December 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 22 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özcan, A. U., & Aytaş, İ. (2020). Peyzaj Direnç Değişimlerinin Ekolojik Bağlantılar Üzerine Etkileri: Çankırı Örneği. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(3), 979-992. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.752271

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