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Bio-foam from Kraft Black Liquor

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 892 - 898, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1015973

Abstract

Bio-based materials have superior properties in terms of health and environmental friendly as compared with synthetic materials. This makes bio-based materials a good alternative for the future. The sensitivity on this issue has increased even more with the natural disasters that have occurred in recent years and the depletion of resources. In this study, it was aimed to develop alternative bio-based material foams from wastes of paper mills to petroleum-based foams. The mixtures of black liquor and pine bark as the paper mill wastes were selected as the main materials in the production of bio-foams. The changes in the foam structure were determined by adding with different rates of Tween 80 and protein foaming agents (2 g and 4.4 g). The structural and chemical properties of the foams were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. In SEM analysis, the maximum cell size was found as 55.24 µm for the F-3 (2 g protein foaming agent) sample, while the minimum cell size was 15 µm for F-1 (4.4g protein foaming agent) sample. The maximum and minimum cell size and wall thickness were determined respectively as 5.93 µm for F-2 (4.4g Tween 80) sample and 3.66 µm for F-4 (2 g Tween 80) sample. Bio-foam from kraft liquor has shown a promising success with its foaming features and adequate porous structure for using as an insulation material. By replacing petroleum-based foams with bio-based foams, a new value-added alternative material can be produced from paper mill wastes.

Thanks

We would like to thank to OYKA Pulp Mill for their contribution to the supply of this research.

References

  • Diamantopoulou, M. J. (2005). Artificial neural networks as an alternative tool in pine bark volume estimation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 48(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2005.04.002
  • Feng, S., Cheng, S., Yuan, Z., Leitch, M., Xu, C. (2013). Valorization of bark for chemicals and materials: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 560–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.024
  • Forgacz, C., Birot, M., Deleuze, H. (2013). Synthesis of porous emulsion-templated monoliths from a pulp mill by-product. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129(5), 2606–2613.
  • Foulet, A., Birot, M., Backov, R., Sonnemann, G., Deleuze, H. (2016). Preparation of hierarchical porous carbonaceous foams from Kraft black liquor. Materials Today Communications, 7, 108–116.
  • Foulet, A., Birot, M., Sonnemann, G., Deleuze, H. (2015). The potential of Kraft black liquor to produce bio-based emulsion-templated porous materials. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 90, 15–20.
  • García, B. B., Liu, D., Sepehri, S., Candelaria, S., Beckham, D. M., Savage, L. W., Cao, G. (2010). Hexamethylenetetramine multiple catalysis as a porosity and pore size modifier in carbon cryogels. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 356(33–34):1620–25.
  • Harkin, J. M., Rowe, J. W. (1971). Bark and its possible uses. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and Forest Product Laboratory, 60.
  • Jin, Fan Long, Miao Zhao, Mira Park, Soo Jin Park. (2019). “Recent trends of foaming in polymer processing: A review”. Polymers 11(6):1–24.
  • Ksibi, M., Amor, S. Ben, Cherif, S., Elaloui, E., Houas, A., Elaloui, M. (2003). Photodegradation of lignin from black liquor using a UV/TiO2 system. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 154(2–3), 211–218.
  • Kurańska, M., Pinto, J. A., Salach, K., Barreiro, M. F., Prociak, A. (2020). Synthesis of thermal insulating polyurethane foams from lignin and rapeseed-based polyols: A comparative study. Industrial Crops and Products, 143, 111882.
  • Luo, S., Gao, L., Guo, W. (2020). Effect of incorporation of lignin as bio-polyol on the performance of rigid lightweight wood–polyurethane composite foams. Journal of Wood Science, 66(1), 1-10.
  • Mathias, J. D., Tessier-Doyen, N., Michaud, P. (2011). Development of a chitosan-based biofoam: Application to the processing of a porous ceramic material. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(2), 1175–1186.
  • Merle, J., Birot, M., Deleuze, H., Trinsoutrot, P., Carré, H., Huyette, Q., Charrier-El Bouhtoury, F. (2019). Valorization of Kraft black liquor and tannins via porous material production. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12(8), 4731–4739.
  • Özgenç, Ö., Durmaz, S., Kustas, S. (2017). Chemical analysis of tree barks using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and conventional techniques. BioResources, 12(4), 9143–9151.
  • Pramod, K., Suneesh, C. V., Shanavas, S., Ansari, S. H., Ali, J. (2015). Unveiling the compatibility of eugenol with formulation excipients by systematic drug-excipient compatibility studies. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology 6(1).
  • Ren, W., Tian, G., Jian, S., Gu, Z., Zhou, L., Yan, L., Jin, S., Yina, W., Zhao, Y. (2012). TWEEN coated NaYF4: Yb,Er/NaYF4 core/shell upconversion nanoparticles for bioimaging and drug delivery. The Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 2, 7037–7041.
  • Risanto, L., Hermiati, E., Sudiyani, Y. (2014). Properties of Lignin from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Its Application for Plywood Adhesive. Makara Journal of Technology, 18(2), 67.
  • Xue, B. L., Wen, J. L., Sun, R. C. (2014). Lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with pulp fiber: synthesis and characterization. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2(6), 1474-1480.
  • Zaied, M., Bellakhal, N. (2009). Electrocoagulation treatment of black liquor from paper industry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(2–3), 995–1000.
  • Zhang, X., Jeremic, D., Kim, Y., Street, J., Shmulsky, R. (2018). Effects of surface functionalization of lignin on synthesis and properties of rigid bio-based polyurethanes foams. Polymers, 10(7), 706.

Kraft Siyah Likörden Biyo-köpük Eldesi

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 892 - 898, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1015973

Abstract

Biyo esaslı malzemelerin sağlık ve çevreye dost olma açısından sentetiklerden üstün özellikleri vardır ve bu durum biyo malzemeleri geleceğin iyi bir alternatif malzemesi yapmaktadır. Son yıllarda meydana gelen doğal afetler ve kaynakların tükenmesi ile karşı karşıya kalınması ile bu konudaki hassasiyet daha da artmıştır. Bu çalışmada petrol esaslı köpüklerin yerine geçebilecek biyo-esaslı alternatif bir köpük malzeme geliştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Kağıt üretim atığı olan siyah likör ve karışık çam kabukları biyo-köpük eldesinde ana materyaller olarak tercih edilmiştir. Tween 80 ve protein köpük ajanı farklı oranlarda (2 ve 4,4 g) kullanılmış ve biyo-köpük yapısına etkileri karşılaştırılmıştır. Köpüklerin yapısal özellikleri taramalı elektron mikroskopu (SEM), kimyasal özellikleri ise Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FTIR) kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. SEM analizleri sonucunda maksimum hücre boyutu F-3 (2 g protein köpük ajanı) örneğinde 55.24 µm olarak, minimum hücre boyutu ise F-1 (4,4 g protein köpük ajanı) örneğinde 15 µm olarak ölçülmüştür. Maksimum ve minimum hücre boyutu ve duvar kalınlıkları sırasıyla 5,93 µm ile F-2 (4,4 Tween 80) örneğinde, 3.66 µm ile F-4 (2 g Tween 80) örneğinde tespit edilmiştir. Kraft siyah liköründen üretilen biyo-köpük, yalıtım malzemesi olarak kullanılmaya yeterli köpüklenme özelliği ve poroz yapısı ile umut verici bir başarı göstermiştir. Petrol esaslı köpüklerin yerini biyo-esaslı köpüklerin alması ile katma değeri yüksek alternatif materyaller, kağıt fabrikası atıklarından üretilebilir.

References

  • Diamantopoulou, M. J. (2005). Artificial neural networks as an alternative tool in pine bark volume estimation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 48(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2005.04.002
  • Feng, S., Cheng, S., Yuan, Z., Leitch, M., Xu, C. (2013). Valorization of bark for chemicals and materials: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 560–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.024
  • Forgacz, C., Birot, M., Deleuze, H. (2013). Synthesis of porous emulsion-templated monoliths from a pulp mill by-product. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129(5), 2606–2613.
  • Foulet, A., Birot, M., Backov, R., Sonnemann, G., Deleuze, H. (2016). Preparation of hierarchical porous carbonaceous foams from Kraft black liquor. Materials Today Communications, 7, 108–116.
  • Foulet, A., Birot, M., Sonnemann, G., Deleuze, H. (2015). The potential of Kraft black liquor to produce bio-based emulsion-templated porous materials. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 90, 15–20.
  • García, B. B., Liu, D., Sepehri, S., Candelaria, S., Beckham, D. M., Savage, L. W., Cao, G. (2010). Hexamethylenetetramine multiple catalysis as a porosity and pore size modifier in carbon cryogels. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 356(33–34):1620–25.
  • Harkin, J. M., Rowe, J. W. (1971). Bark and its possible uses. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and Forest Product Laboratory, 60.
  • Jin, Fan Long, Miao Zhao, Mira Park, Soo Jin Park. (2019). “Recent trends of foaming in polymer processing: A review”. Polymers 11(6):1–24.
  • Ksibi, M., Amor, S. Ben, Cherif, S., Elaloui, E., Houas, A., Elaloui, M. (2003). Photodegradation of lignin from black liquor using a UV/TiO2 system. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 154(2–3), 211–218.
  • Kurańska, M., Pinto, J. A., Salach, K., Barreiro, M. F., Prociak, A. (2020). Synthesis of thermal insulating polyurethane foams from lignin and rapeseed-based polyols: A comparative study. Industrial Crops and Products, 143, 111882.
  • Luo, S., Gao, L., Guo, W. (2020). Effect of incorporation of lignin as bio-polyol on the performance of rigid lightweight wood–polyurethane composite foams. Journal of Wood Science, 66(1), 1-10.
  • Mathias, J. D., Tessier-Doyen, N., Michaud, P. (2011). Development of a chitosan-based biofoam: Application to the processing of a porous ceramic material. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(2), 1175–1186.
  • Merle, J., Birot, M., Deleuze, H., Trinsoutrot, P., Carré, H., Huyette, Q., Charrier-El Bouhtoury, F. (2019). Valorization of Kraft black liquor and tannins via porous material production. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12(8), 4731–4739.
  • Özgenç, Ö., Durmaz, S., Kustas, S. (2017). Chemical analysis of tree barks using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and conventional techniques. BioResources, 12(4), 9143–9151.
  • Pramod, K., Suneesh, C. V., Shanavas, S., Ansari, S. H., Ali, J. (2015). Unveiling the compatibility of eugenol with formulation excipients by systematic drug-excipient compatibility studies. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology 6(1).
  • Ren, W., Tian, G., Jian, S., Gu, Z., Zhou, L., Yan, L., Jin, S., Yina, W., Zhao, Y. (2012). TWEEN coated NaYF4: Yb,Er/NaYF4 core/shell upconversion nanoparticles for bioimaging and drug delivery. The Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 2, 7037–7041.
  • Risanto, L., Hermiati, E., Sudiyani, Y. (2014). Properties of Lignin from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Its Application for Plywood Adhesive. Makara Journal of Technology, 18(2), 67.
  • Xue, B. L., Wen, J. L., Sun, R. C. (2014). Lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with pulp fiber: synthesis and characterization. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2(6), 1474-1480.
  • Zaied, M., Bellakhal, N. (2009). Electrocoagulation treatment of black liquor from paper industry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(2–3), 995–1000.
  • Zhang, X., Jeremic, D., Kim, Y., Street, J., Shmulsky, R. (2018). Effects of surface functionalization of lignin on synthesis and properties of rigid bio-based polyurethanes foams. Polymers, 10(7), 706.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Biomaterial
Journal Section Biomaterial Engineering, Bio-based Materials, Wood Science
Authors

Esra Ceylan 0000-0002-5336-4698

Gülyaz Al 0000-0003-2347-4981

Ayben Kılıç Pekgözlü 0000-0002-3640-6198

Deniz Aydemir 0000-0002-7484-2126

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ceylan, E., Al, G., Kılıç Pekgözlü, A., Aydemir, D. (2021). Bio-foam from Kraft Black Liquor. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 892-898. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1015973


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