FRANSA BİLİM VE ARAŞTIRMA ALTYAPISININ YENİLİKÇİ REKABETÇİLİĞİNİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NDEKİ YERİ

Öz

Ulusal stratejiler, mali politikalar, bilimsel beceri ve bilim ve araştırma alanındaki beşerî sermaye ülkelerin yenilikçilik performansını etkileyen parametrelerden bazılarıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Fransa’nın bilim ve araştırma alanını ve bilimsel yeteneğini Avrupa Birliği içerisinde tartışmaktadır. Çalışma öncelikle bilim ve araştırmada yenilikçi rekabetçiliği tanımlamaktadır. Ardından Küresel Yenilik Endeksi, Avrupa Yenilik Skor Tahtası, Dünya Bankası ve Eurostat gibi seçilmiş göstergeler kullanılarak Fransa’nın Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri arasındaki yeri ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma, araştırma ve geliştirme yatırımları, bilim ve araştırma sektöründeki personel sayısı, sanayi iş birliği ve akademik yayın gibi bilim ve araştırma alanındaki beşerî sermaye, bilimsel harcamalar ve bilgi üretimiyle alakalı dolaylı ölçümleri tartışmaktadır. Araştırmada Fransa’nın bilim ve araştırma altyapısının Birlik içerisindeki ekonomik büyüklüğü ile paralel olmadığı ve bu alanın güçlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği
• Fransa
• Bilim
• Araştırma
• Yenilik

INNOVATIVE COMPETITIVENESS OF FRANCE’S SCIENCE AND RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Öz

National strategies, fiscal policies, scientific talent and human capital in science and research are some of the parameters affecting the innovative performance of countries. The study aims to present France’s science and research area and scientific talent in the European Union. It explains the innovative competitiveness in science and research, then compares France with the European Union countries on the basis of various indicators such as the Global Innovation Index, European Innovation Scoreboard and Eurostat. The study covers indirect measures related to human capital, scientific expenditures and knowledge production such as research investments, staff number in the science and research, collaboration with the industry and academic publishing. The research concludes that the development level of France’s science and research infrastructure is not as parallel as its economic size and should be strengthened.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European Union
• France
• Science
• Research
• Innovation

Kaynakça

1. Akçomak, İ., Erdil, E., & Çetinkaya, U. Y. (2017). Knowledge Cohesion in European Regions: Convergence and Cohesion with Turkey. FEUTURE. Retrieved from FEUTURE: http://www.feuture.uni-koeln.de/sites/feuture/user_upload/D3.4_Online_Paper_FINAL.pdf
2. Bednar, P., & Halásková, M. (2018). Innovation performance and R&D expenditures in Western European regions: Divergence or convergence. Journal of International Studies, p. 212.
3. Cabello-Medina, C., Lopez-Cabrales, A., & Valle-Cabrera, R. (2011). Leveraging the innovative performance of human capital through HRM and social capital in Spanish firms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.22, No.4.
4. Carayol, N. (2007). Academic Incentives, Research Organization and Patenting at a Large French University. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 16:2, pp. 119-138.
5. Ciocanel, A. B., & Pavelescu, F. M. (2015). Innovation and Competitiveness in European Context. Procedia Economics and Finance, p. 729.
6. De Marco, A., Scellatoa, G., Ughettoa, E., & Caviggioli, F. (2017). Global markets for technology: Evidence from patent transactions. Elsevier Research Policy, p. 1645.
7. Duru-Bellat, M. (2015). Access to Higher Education: The French Case. HAL, 8.
8. Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., & Wunsch-Vincent, S. (2018). Global Innovation Index. Geneva: Cornell University.

9. EIMA. (2019). European Innovation Management Academy. Retrieved from https://www.improve-innovation.eu
10. European Commission. (2010). Europe 2020. Brussels: European Commission.
11. European Commission. (2010). Lisbon Strategy Evaluation Document. Brussels: European Commission.
12. European Commission. (2017). Regional Innovation Scoreboard. Brussels: Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs.
13. European Commission. (2018). European Innovation Scoreboard. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
14. European Commission. (2018). Horizon2020 in full swing, Key facts and Figures 2014-2016. Luxembourg.
15. European Innovation Scoreboard. (2018). European Innovation Scoreboard. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/36281
16. European Parliament. (2015). Horizon 2020 Budget and Implementation, A Guide to the Structure of the Programme.
17. European Research Area. (2019). European Research Area Vision 2020. Retrieved from European Research Area: http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/pdf/era_vision_2020_en.pdf
18. Eurostat. (2018). Smarter, Greener, More Inclusive? Indicators to Support the Europe 2020 Strategy. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
19. Fisch, P. (2019). A closer look at the budget figures for Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe. Retrieved from https://www.peter-fisch.eu/european-research-policy/think-pieces/1-2018-horizon-budgets/
20. Güner, O. (2019). Avrupa Birliği'nin Bilim ve Araştırma Alanındaki Heterojen Yapısına Dair Bir Değerlendirme. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi, Spring, Number:13, pp. 2-20.
21. Gifis, S. H. (2015). Dictionary of Legal Terms : Definitions and Explanations for Non-Lawyers. New York: Barron's Educational Series.
22. Global Innovation Index. (2019). Indicator Rankings. Retrieved from Global Innovation Index: https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-indicator
23. Granstrad, O., & Holgerson, M. (2012). The anatomy of rise and fall of patenting and propensity to patent. International Journal of Intellectual Property Management, Vol 5, No.2, pp. 13-15.
24. H2020 Dashboard. (2019). Horizon2020 Webgate Dashboard. Retrieved from Horizon2020 Webgate Dashboard: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/dashboard/
25. Ivan-Ungureanu, C., & Marcu, M. (2006). The Lisbon Strategy. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting , pp. 74-76.
26. Jantoń-Drozdowska, E., & Majewska, M. (2013). Effectiveness of Higher Education in the European Union Countries in Context of National Competitiveness. Equilibrium, Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Volume 8, Issue 2,, p. 84.
27. Lundvall, B.-Å., & Borrás, S. (2005). Science, Technology and Innovation Policy. In J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery, & R. R. Nelson, Innovation Handbook (pp. 599-631). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
28. OECD. (2015). Frascati Manual. OECD Publishing.
29. OECD. (2015). Frascati Manual 2015. Paris: Paris.
30. OECD. (2018). Oslo Manual 2018. OECD.
31. Pesole, A., & Nepelski, D. (2016). Universities and Collaborative Innovation in EC-Funded Research Projects: An Analysis based on Innovation Radar Data. Luxembourg: European Commission.
32. Porter, M. E. (1990). Competitive Advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review, pp. 73-89.
33. Sachwald, F. (1994). Competitiveness and Competition: Which Theory of the Firm? In F. Sachwald, European Integration and Competitiveness: Acquisitions and Alliances in Industry. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
34. Schneider, C., & Sørensen, A. (2019). Contribution of Academic Research to Innovation and Growth. Retrieved from https://dkuni.dk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/acadres_report_-101016.pdf
35. Soleh, S. (2014). The Impact of Human Capital Management on the Innovativeness of Research Centre: The Case of Scientific Research Centres in Algeria. International Journal of Business and Management Vol.II, pp. 80-93.
36. Viotti, E. B. (2002). National Learning Systems: A new approach on technological change in late industrializing economies and ecidences from cases of Brazil and South Korea. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 69, Issue 7, September, pp. 653-680.
37. World Bank. (2016). Scientific and Technical Journal Articles. Retrieved from World Bank: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IP.JRN.ARTC.SC
38. World Economic Forum. (2018). The Global Competitiveness report. Geneva: World Economica Forum.
39. World Economic Forum. (2019). 4 Ways Universities Are Driving Innovation. Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/4-ways-universities-are-driving-innovation/
40. Yusliza, M., & Hazman, S. A. (2008). Managing Human Capital in a Knowledge Based Economy: The Role of the HR Function. Proceedings of the Knowledge Management International Conference, Transferring, Managing and Maintaining Knowledge for Nation Capacity Development, Langkawi, pp. 178-183.