DETERMINANTS OF SELF-EMPLOYMENT PREFERENCE IN TURKEY

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 27 - 50, 24.03.2020

İsmail Şentürk

https://doi.org/10.11616/basbed.v20i53206.665004

Cited By: 1

Abstract

In this study, determinants of self-employment preferences of individuals employed in Turkey were examined. For this purpose, a two-step method was used to analyze the data by using the TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Survey data. Since the data set also includes individuals other than employers, Heckman sample selection was applied primarily to avoid sample selection bias. Existence of sample selection bias and necessity to use this method is determined. Then the probit method was used for all individuals, men and women. According to the findings, the region, age, education level, marital status, enrollment to social security, the possibility of working at home and working time were determined as effective factors. Elimination of regional disparities, encouraging young people, making arrangements in education system to encourage self-employment, and reducing working time especially for women may be effective for individuals to choose self-employment.

Keywords

self-employment, wage employment, Turkey

TÜRKİYE’DE BİREYLERİN SERBEST ÇALIŞMA TERCİHİNİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİ

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de istihdam içinde yer alan bireylerin serbest çalışma tercihinin belirleyicileri incelenmiştir. Bu amaca uygun şekilde, TÜİK Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi verileri kullanılarak, iki aşamalı bir yöntem ile analiz yapılmıştır. Veri seti, istihdamda bulunanlar haricinde bireyleri de içerdiğinden, örnek seçim yanlılığı sorundan kaçınmak için öncelikle Heckman örnek seçimi uygulanmıştır. Örnek seçim yanlılığı sorununun varlığı ve bu yöntemin uygulanmasının gerekli olduğu görülmüştür. Sonrasında ise probit yöntemi tüm bireyler, erkekler ve kadınlar için kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre yaşanılan bölge, yaş, eğitim düzeyi, medeni durum, sosyal güvenliğe kayıtlı olma, evde çalışma imkanı ve çalışma süresi etkili faktörler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bölgeler arası farklılıkların giderilmesi, gençlerin teşvik edilmesi, eğitim sisteminde serbest çalışmayı teşvik edici düzenlemelerin yapılması, çalışma süresinin ise özellikle kadınlar için düşürülmesi bireylerin serbest çalışmayı tercih etmesi için etkili olabilecektir.

Keywords

Serbest Çalışma, Ücretli Çalışma, Türkiye

References

• Abreu, M., Oner, O., Brouwer, A. ve van Leeuwen, E. (2019), Well-being effects of self-employment: A spatial inquiry, Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), s.589-607.
• Allub, L. ve Erosa, A. (2019), Financial frictions, occupational choice and economic inequality, Journal of Monetary Economics, 107, s.63-76.
• Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R. ve Kinnan, C. (2015), The miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7(1), s.22–53
• Baumeister, R. ve Leary, M. R. (1995), The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation, Psychological Bulletin, 117, s.497–529.
• Benz, M. ve Frey, B.S., (2008), Being independent is a great thing: subjective evaluations of self-employment and hierarchy, Economica, 75(298), s.362–383.
• Bianchi, M. ve Bobba, M, (2013), Liquidity, risk, and occupational choices, The Review of Economic Studies, 80, s.491–511.
• Binder, M. ve Coad, A. (2013), Life satisfaction and self-employment: a matching approach, Small Business Economics, 40(4), s.1009-1033.
• Blanchflower, D.G. ve Oswald, A.J., (1990), Self-employment and the enterprise culture, (Eds.: R. Jowell, S. Witherspoon, L. Brook), British Social Attitudes: The 1990 Report. Aldershot: Gower Press.
• Blau, D. M. (1987), A Time-Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States, Journal of Political Economy, 95(3), s.445-467.
• Block, J. ve Koellinger, P. (2009), I can’t get no satisfaction - necessity entrepreneurship and procedural utility, Kyklos, 62(2), s.191–209.
• Bogan, V. L., Fertig, A. R. ve Just, D. R. (2014), Self-Employment and Mental Health, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2259765, (Erişim tarihi: 08.12.2019).
• Burchell, B. J. ve Coutts, A. P. (2019), The experience of self-employment among young people: an exploratory analysis of 28 low-to middle-income countries, American Behavioral Scientist, 63(2), s.147-165.
• Cameron, A. C. ve Trivedi, P. K. (2005), Microeconometrics: methods and applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Clain, S. H. (2000), Gender Differences in Full-Time Self-Employment, Journal of Economics and Business, 52, s.499-513.
• Croson, D. C. ve Minniti, M. (2012), Slipping the surly bonds: thevalue of autonomy in self-employment, Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), s.355–365.
• de Charms, R. (2013), Personal causation: the internal affective determinants of behavior, New York: Routledge.
• Deci, E. L. (1975), Intrinsic motivation, New York: Plenum Press.
• Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (1985), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior, New York: Plenum Press.
• Edwards, L. N. ve Field-Hendrey, E. (2002), Home-based work and women’s labor force decisions, Journal of Labor Economics, 20(1), s.170–200.
• Gartner, W.B. (1990), What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship?, Journal of Business Venturing, 5(1), s.15–28.
• Gimeno, J., Folta, T. B., Cooper, A. C. ve Woo, C. Y., (1997), Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms, Administrative Science Quarterly, s.750–783.
• Gindling, T. H. ve Newhouse, D. (2014), Self-employment in the developing world, World Development, 56, s.313-331.
• Gompers, P., Kovner, A., Lerner, J. ve Scharfstein, D., (2008), Venture capital investment cycles: the impact of public markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 87(1), s.1–23.
• Hamermesh, D. S. (1990), Shirking or productive schmoozing: wages and the allocation of time at work, ILR Review, 43(3), s.121–128.
• Hamilton, B. H. (2000), Does entrepreneurship pay? An empirical analysis of the returns to self-employment, Journal of Political Economy, 108(3), s.604–631
• Heckman, J. J. (1979), “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error,” Econometrica, Econometric Society, 47(1), s.53-161.
• House, W., Ikiara, G. ve McCormick, D. (1993), Urban self-employment in Kenya: panacea or viable strategy?, World Development, 21, s.1205–1233.
• Hyytinen, A. ve Ruuskanen, O. P. (2007), Time use of the self-employed, Kyklos, 60(1), s.105–122.
• ILO (1993), Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector, adopted by the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians, Geneva, 19‐28 Ocak. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/icse.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 08.12.2019).
• Jamal, M. (1997), Job stress, satisfaction, and mental health: an empirical examination of self-employed and non-self-employed Canadians, Journal of Small Business Management, 35(4), s.48-57.
• Justo, R., Congregado, E. ve Román, C. (2019), Becoming self-employed from inactivity: an in-depth analysis of satisfaction, Small Business Economics, s.1-43.
• Kao, R.W. (1993), Defining entrepreneurship: past, present and? Creativity and Innovation Management, 2(1), s.69–70.
• Kautonen, T., Kibler, E. ve Minniti, M. (2017), Late-career entrepreneurship, income and quality of life. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), s.318–333.
• Lavallée, E. ve Roubaud, F. (2015), Does corruption matter for informal sector economic performance? Microdata evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, (Eds.: J. P. Cling, S. Lagrée, M. Razafindrakoto, F. Roubaud), The Informal Economy in Developing Countries, s.179-196, New York: Routledge.
• Loscocco, K. ve Smith-Hunter, A. (2004), Women home-based business owners: insights from comparative analyses, Women in Management Review, 19(3), s.164–173.
• McKenzie, D., de Mel, S. ve Woodruff, C. (2008), Who are the Microenterprise Owners?: Evidence from Sri Lanka on Tokman v. de Soto, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4635, https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-4635, (Erişim tarihi: 08.12.2019).
• Min, P. G. (1988), Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurship: A Multivariate Analysis, Journal of Urban Affairs, 10(2), s.197-212.
• Minniti, M. ve Lévesque, M. (2008), Recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship, Journal of Business Venturing, 23, s.603–612.
• Narita, R. (2019), Self-Employment in developing countries: a search-equilibrium approach, Review of Economic Dynamics, Elektronik ön baskı.
• OECD (2015), Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2015, Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Oyekale, A. (2015), Factors explaining households’ cash payment for solid waste disposal and recycling behaviors in South Africa, Sustainability, 7(12), s.15882-15899.
• Parker, S. C. (2018), The economics of entrepreneurship, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Parslow, R. A., Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., Strazdins, L. ve D'souza, R. M. (2004), The associations between work stress and mental health: a comparison of organizationally employed and self-employed workers, Work and Stress, 18(3), s.231–244.
• Pietrobelli, C., Rabellotti, R. ve Aquilina, M. (2004), An empirical study of the determinants of self‐employment in developing countries, Journal of International Development, 16(6), s.803-820.
• Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000), Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being, American Psychologist, 55(1), s.68-78
• Skinner, E. A. (1995), Perceived control, motivation, and coping, London: Sage Publications.
• Taşçi, H. M. ve Darici, B. (2009), Türkiye'de işsizliğin mikro veri ile farklı tanımlar altında, cinsiyet ayırımına göre analizi, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(28), s.139-159.
• Turham, D., Salome, B. ve Schwarz, A. (1990), The Informal Sector Revisited, Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Van Praag, C.M., (1999), Some classic views on entrepreneurship. De Economist, 147(3), s.311–335.
• Yamada G. (1996), Urban informal employment and self-employment in developing countries: theory and evidence, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 44, s.289–314.