Research Article

PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES

Volume: 12 Number: 2 September 14, 2026
EN TR

PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES

Abstract

This study examines the regulation of artificial intelligence, with a particular focus on the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act) and legislative initiatives in Türkiye. The paper emphasises the growing importance of AI governance, considering recent technological advances, particularly following the emergence of generative AI. The EU AI Act introduces a detailed risk-based framework that classifies AI applications into categories ranging from unacceptable to minimal risk and imposes binding obligations on developers and users of high-risk systems. By contrast, Türkiye’s approach presents a more general structure, setting out guiding principles rather than specific compliance requirements. The analysis shows that Türkiye’s strategy provides an institutional and political basis for governance while also leaving room for flexibility. This dual orientation reflects Türkiye’s effort to strengthen national technological capacity while engaging in international co-operation and aligning with global standards. The paper argues that effective AI regulation requires a balanced approach that addresses ethical and legal concerns while supporting innovation. Within this framework, the EU AI Act stands out as a significant point of reference not only for Europe but also for countries with close economic and political ties to the EU. The findings suggest that Türkiye is likely to move gradually towards greater convergence with European standards, shaped by its economic relations, foreign policy priorities, and participation in multilateral initiatives.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Beykoz University

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of research ethics.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank The Beykoz Logistic Vocational School and Marmara University for the valuable support.

References

  1. Erdoğan, G. (2021). A General Overview of Artificial Intelligence and Law. Adalet Dergisi, (66), 117–192.
  2. Turan, T., Kemaloğlu, N., & Küçüksille, E. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Law: Studies and Future Prospects. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 11(2), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.748843
  3. Zeytin, Z., & Gençay, E. (2019). Law and Artificial Intelligence: E-Person, Financial Liability, and a Legal Practice. Turkish-German University Faculty of Law Journal, 1(1), 39–70.
  4. Bak, B. (2018). Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence and Legal Consequences Arising from Its Use in Civil Law. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, (35), 211–232.
  5. Yılmaz, O. G. (2021). Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Practice: Could an AI Judge Wear a Robe? Adalet Dergisi, (66), 379–415.
  6. Karabal, A. (2023). Legal Violations in Artificial Intelligence. Metazihin: Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Philosophy of Mind, 6(2), 119–147. https://doi.org/10.51404/metazihin.1269258
  7. Kağıtcıoğlu, M. (2021). Artificial Intelligence and Administrative Law: An Assessment from Today Towards the Future. Hacettepe University Faculty of Law Journal, 11(1), 118–168. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.874993
  8. Can, E. (2023). The Role of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Combating Cybercrimes: An Examination of Informatics and International Law. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University Faculty of Law Journal, 27(3), 345–382. https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1306712

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Law in Context (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 14, 2026

Submission Date

September 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 2

APA
Babayeva, N., & Şahin, E. (2026). PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 387-402. https://izlik.org/JA98TJ35LF
AMA
1.Babayeva N, Şahin E. PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;12(2):387-402. https://izlik.org/JA98TJ35LF
Chicago
Babayeva, Nigar, and Ersin Şahin. 2026. “PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES”. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12 (2): 387-402. https://izlik.org/JA98TJ35LF.
EndNote
Babayeva N, Şahin E (September 1, 2026) PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12 2 387–402.
IEEE
[1]N. Babayeva and E. Şahin, “PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES”, Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 387–402, Sept. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA98TJ35LF
ISNAD
Babayeva, Nigar - Şahin, Ersin. “PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES”. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12/2 (September 1, 2026): 387-402. https://izlik.org/JA98TJ35LF.
JAMA
1.Babayeva N, Şahin E. PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;12:387–402.
MLA
Babayeva, Nigar, and Ersin Şahin. “PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES”. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 2, Sept. 2026, pp. 387-02, https://izlik.org/JA98TJ35LF.
Vancouver
1.Nigar Babayeva, Ersin Şahin. PERSPECTIVES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKİYE: FROM RISK-BASED APPROACHES TO LEGAL HARMONIZATION DEBATES. Başkent Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2026 Sep. 1;12(2):387-402. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA98TJ35LF