Antimicrobial activities of different extracts from Centaurea iberica

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 186 - 195, 30.12.2025

Derya Doğanay , Esra Mertoğlu , Bahar Gürdal , Gizem Gülsoy Toplan

https://doi.org/10.53445/batd.1840067

Abstract

Across different regions of the world, plants have long been valued for their wide range of functional properties. Aromatic plants, in particular, are cultivated to obtain natural compounds used in cosmetic scenting, food enhancement, and preservation. Within this category, species belonging to the Asteraceae family have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their expanding relevance in numerous applied disciplines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal potential of different solvent extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) and an infusion of Centaurea iberica L. against five bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and two yeast (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019) strains using the microdilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for all tested microorganisms ranged between 78.125 and 5000 µg/mL. According to the results, all studied extracts exhibited stronger antifungal activity than antibacterial activity. Among them, the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the most potent antifungal effect with MIC values between 78.125 and 156.25 µg/mL, whereas the infusion extract showed the weakest overall activity. In conclusion, further phytochemical investigations are required to identify the secondary metabolites responsible for these activities, which may contribute to the development of novel antifungal agents.

Keywords

Antibacterial , antifungal , Centaurea , Asteraceae

Centaurea iberica bitkisinden elde edilen farklı ekstrelerin antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri

Abstract

Bitkiler dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde, geniş işlevsel özellikleri nedeniyle uzun zamandır değer görmektedir. Özellikle aromatik bitkiler, kozmetik ürünlerde koku verici olarak, gıdalarda lezzet artırıcı ve koruyucu doğal bileşiklerin elde edilmesi amacıyla yetiştirilmektedir. Bu kategoride yer alan Asteraceae familyasına ait türler, çeşitli uygulamalı disiplinlerde artan önemleri nedeniyle son yıllarda giderek daha fazla ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Centaurea iberica L. bitkisinin farklı çözücü ekstrelerinin (n-heksan, etil asetat ve metanol) ve infüzyonunun beş bakteri (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) ve iki maya (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 ve Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019) suşuna karşı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanılarak antibakteriyel ve antifungal potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesidir. Tüm test mikroorganizmaları için minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MİK) değerleri 78,125-5000 µg/mL aralığında değişmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, incelenen tüm ekstreler antibakteriyel aktiviteye kıyasla daha güçlü antifungal aktivite göstermiştir. Tüm ekstreler arasında etil asetat ekstresi, 78,125-156,25 µg/mL aralığındaki MİK değerleriyle en güçlü antifungal aktiviteyi sergilerken, genel olarak en zayıf aktivite infüzyon ekstresinde görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, bu biyolojik aktivitelerden sorumlu ikincil metabolitleri tanımlayabilmek için daha ileri fitokimyasal araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmakta olup, bu bileşikler yeni antifungal ajanların geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Keywords

Antibakteriyel , antifungal , Centaurea , Asteraceae

References

• Aktumsek, A., Zengin, G., Guler, G. O., Cakmak, Y. S., & Duran, A. (2013). Antioxidant potentials and anticholinesterase activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of three endemic Centaurea L. species. Food and chemical toxicology, 55, 290-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.018
• Albayrak, S., Atasagun, B., & Aksoy, A. (2017). Comparison of phenolic components and biological activities of two Centaurea sp. obtained by three extraction techniques. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 10(6), 599-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.06.010
• Alper, M., Özay, C., Güneş, H., & Mammadov, R. (2021). Assessment of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and identification of phenolic compounds of Centaurea solstitialis and Urospermum picroides from Turkey. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 64, e21190530. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2021190530
• Arif, R., Küpeli, E., & Ergun, F. (2004). The biological activity of Centaurea L. species. Gazi University Journal of Science, 17(4), 149-164.
• Astari, K. A., Erel, S. B., Bedir, E., & Karaalp, C. (2013). Secondary metabolites of Centaurea cadmea Boiss. Records of Natural Products, 7(3), 242.
• Awouafack, M. D., McGaw, L. J., Gottfried, S., Mbouangouere, R., Tane, P., Spiteller, M., & Eloff, J. N. (2013). Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract, fractions and eight compounds isolated from Eriosema robustum (Fabaceae). BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13(1), 289. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-289
• Baytop, T. (1997). Türkçe Bitki Adları Sözlüğü (Vol. 2). Ankara, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
• Baytop, T. (1999). Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey (past and present). Publication of the İstanbul University, 312, 2-3.
• Bibi, H., Iqbal, J., Abbasi, B. A., Kanwal, S., Tavafoghi, M., Ahmed, M. Z., & Mahmood, T. (2023). Evaluation and chemical profiling of different Centaurea iberica extracts and investigation of different in vitro biological activities. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 36(1), 102992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102992
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2015). Performance standards for antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests (12. baskı).
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2023). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (32. baskı). CLSI Supplement M100.
• Easa, A., & Rizk, A. (1992). Constituents of Centaurea species. Qatar Univ. Sci. J., 12, 27-57.
• Eloff J. N. (2004). Quantification the bioactivity of plant extracts during screening and bioassay guided fractionation. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 11(4), 370–371. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944711041495218
• Erel, S. B., Demirci, B., Demir, S., Karaalp, C., & Baser, K. H. C. (2013). Composition of the essential oils of Centaurea aphrodisea, C. polyclada, C. athoa, C. hyalolepis and C. iberica. Journal of essential oil research, 25(2), 79-84.
• Erol, M. K., & Tuzlacı, E. (1997). Plants used in folk medicine in the region of Eğirdir (Isparta). M. Coşkun (Ed.), In the XI. Meeting on plant drug active constituents (s. 466-475). Ankara University Pharmacy Faculty No: 75, Ankara, Ankara Universitesi Basımevi.
• Fattaheian-Dehkordi, S., Hojjatifard, R., Saeedi, M., & Khanavi, M. (2021). A review on antidiabetic activity of Centaurea spp.: A new approach for developing herbal remedies. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021(1), 5587938.
• Gülsoy-Toplan, G., Taşkın, T., İşcan, G., Göger, F., Kürkçüoğlu, M., Civaş, A., Ecevit-Genç, G., Mat, A., & Başer, K. H. C. (2022). Comparative studies on essential oil and phenolic content with in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial activities of Achillea biebersteinii Afan. and A. millefolium subsp. millefolium Afan. L. growing in Eastern Turkey. Molecules, 27(6), 1956. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061956
• Güven, K., Celik, S., & Uysal, I. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of Centaurea. species. Pharmaceutical Biology, 43(1), 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200590903390
• Khammar, A., & Djeddi, S. (2012). Pharmacological and biological properties of some Centaurea species. Eur J Sci Res, 84(3), 398-416.
• Khan, A. N., Fatima, I., Khaliq, U. A., Malik, A., Miana, G. A., Qureshi, Z.-u.-R., & Rasheed, H. (2011). Potent anti-platelet constituents from Centaurea iberica. Molecules, 16(3), 2053-2064. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16032053
• Koca, U., Süntar, I. P., Keles, H., Yesilada, E., & Akkol, E. K. (2009). In vivo anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Spreng. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 126(3), 551-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.017
• Kuete, V., Ango, P. Y., Fotso, G. W., Kapche, G. D., Dzoyem, J. P., Wouking, A. G., Ngadjui, B. T., & Abegaz, B. M. (2011). Antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract and compounds from Artocarpus communis (Moraceae). BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 11(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-42
• Kwapong, A. A., Soares, S., Teo, S. P., Stapleton, P., & Gibbons, S. (2020). Myristica lowiana phytochemicals as inhibitor of plasmid conjugation in Escherichia coli. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020(1), 1604638. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1604638
• Mat, A. (2010). Bitkiden ilaca: hepsinin bir öyküsü var. PharmaVision.
• Nadaf, M., Abad, M. H. K., Omidipour, R., Soorgi, H., Riahi-Madvar, A., & Ghamari, E. S. (2025). Ethnobotanical knowledge, chemistry, and pharmacology of the Asteraceae Family in Iran: A review. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 30, 1-27.
• Özdemir, E., & Kültür, Ş. (2025). Comparative Anatomical Investigations on Some Centaurea (Asteraceae) Taxa from Türkiye. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(4), 1346-1355.
• Rathee, P., Sehrawat, R., Rathee, P., Khatkar, A., Akkol, E. K., Khatkar, S., Redhu, N., Türkcanoğlu, G., & Sobarzo-Sánchez, E. (2023). Polyphenols: natural preservatives with promising applications in food, cosmetics and pharma industries; problems and toxicity associated with synthetic preservatives; impact of misleading advertisements; recent trends in preservation and legislation. Materials, 16(13), 4793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134793
• Savoia, D. (2012). Plant-derived antimicrobial compounds: alternatives to antibiotics. Future microbiology, 7(8), 979-990. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.68
• Shoeb, M., MacManus, S. M., Jaspars, M., Kong-Thoo-Lin, P., Nahar, L., Celik, S., & Sarker, S. D. (2007). Bioactivity of two Turkish endemic Centaurea species, and their major constituents. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 17, 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2007000200003
• Skliar, M. I., Tsitsilian, P. D., & Da Silva, J. R. (2005). Short-report: Antimicrobial activity of Centaurea diffusa. Fitoterapia, 76(7-8), 756–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.006
• Şen, A., Bitiş, L., Birteksöz-Tan, S., & Bulut, G. (2013). In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some Centaurea L. species. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 17(1), 42-45.
• Tekeli, Y., Zengin, G., Aktumsek, A., Sezgin, M., & Torlak, E. (2011). Antibacterial activities of extracts from twelve Centaurea species from Turkey. Archives of Biological Sciences, 63(3), 685-690. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1103685T
• Teneva, O., Petkova, Z., Dobreva, A., Dzhurmanski, A., Stoyanova, L., & Angelova-Romova, M. (2024). Centaurea benedicta—A Potential Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Components. Plants, 13(24), 3579. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243579
• Ulusoylu, M., Ondersev, D., Soyogul, U., Gurkan, E., & Tuzlaci, E. (2001). The Cytotoxic and the biological (antibacterial and antifungal) activities of Centaurea iberica and Ferulago confusa. Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi-Gazi Universitesi, 18(2), 75-80.