Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the liquid limit of various sand-clay mixtures obtained from both Casagrande and fall-cone test. Two types of clay (bentonite/kaolinite) were mixed with quartz and fine sand (FS) at mixture ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% by dry weight. The results indicated that fall cone penetration was governed by the water content of sand-clay mixtures. Cone penetration of sand decreased with 30% kaolinite addition whereas then increased interval between 30% to 100% kaolinite, but for bentonite, it increased from 0% to 100% bentonite content at constant water contents. Different equations between Casagrande and fall cone tests were proposed for different mixture types. Liquid limit values for both methods were found to be greater for bentonite-sand mixtures that kaolinite-sand mixtures.
References
- Atterberg, A., Die Plastizita¨t der Tone. Int. Mitt. Bodenkd. 1, 10–43 (in German) (1911).
- Christaras, B., A comparison of the casagrande and fall cone penetrometer methods for liquid limit determination in marls from Crete, Greece, Engineering Geology, 31 (2),131-142, (1991).
- Hrubesova, E., Lunackova, B., and Brodzki, O., Comparison of liquid limit of soils resulted from casagrande test and Modificated Cone Penetrometer Methodology, Procedia Engineering, 142, 364-370, (2016).
- Spagnoli, G., Comparison between casagrande and drop-cone methods to calculate liquid limit for pure clay, Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 92 (6), 859-864, (2012).
- Di Matteo, L., Liquid limit of low-to medium-plasticity soils: comparison between casagrande cup and cone penetrometer test, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 71(1), 79-85, (2012).
- El-Shinawi, A., A comparison of liquid limit values for fine soils: A case study at the north Cairo-Suez district, Egypt, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 89(3), 339-343, (2017).
- Wasti, Y., and Bezirci, M. H., Determination of the consistency limits of soils by the fall cone test, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 23 (2), 241-246, (1986).
- ASTM D4318-17, Standard test methods for Liquid Limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, (2005).
- BS 1377-2, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes, classification tests, British Standard, (1990).
- Shimobe, S., Simultaneous determination of liquid and plastic limits of soils by extended BS fall cone method and its engineering application. Proc. of the 44th Symp. On Geotech. Engrg. JGS, Osaka, Japan, (1999).
- Thevanayagam, S. Liquefaction potential and undrained fragility of silty soils, Proceedings of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Auckland, New Zealand, (2000).
- Tiwari B, and Marui, H., Estimation of residual shear strength for bentonite-kaolin-toyoura sand mixture, Journal of Japan Landslide Society, 40 (2); 124–133, (2003).
- Shayea A., The combined effect of clay and moisture content on the behavior of remolded unsaturated soils, Engineering Geology, 62(4), 319-342, (2001).
- Quintela, A., Costa, C., Terroso, D., and Rocha, F., Liquid limit determination of clayey material by Casagrande method, fall cone test and EBS parameter, Materials Technology, 29, 82-87, (2014).
- Feng, T.W., Fall-cone penetration and water content relationship of clays, Geotechnique, 50(2), 181-187, (2000).
- O'Kelly, B.C., Vardanega, P.J., and Haigh, S.K., Use of fall cones to determine Atterberg limits: a review, Géotechnique, 1-14, (2018).
Abstract
Bu çalışma, hem Casagrande hem de düşen koni deneylerinden elde edilen çeşitli kum-kil karışımlarının likit limit değerlerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. İki tür kil (bentonit / kaolin) 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, ve100% karışım oranlarında kuvars ve ince kum (FS) ile kuru ağırlıkça karıştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, koni batma miktarının, kum-kil karışımlarının su içeriği tarafından yönetildiğini göstermiştir. Kumun koni penetrasyonu % 30 kaolin ilavesine kadar azalırken, daha sonra% 30 ila% 100 kaolin arasında artmıştır, ancak bentonit için % 0'dan% 100'e kadar bentonit içeriği ile artmıştır. Farklı karışım türleri için Casagrande ve düşen koni deneyleri arasında farklı denklemler önerilmiştir. Likit limit değerlerinin, bentonit-kum karışımları için, kaolin-kum karışımlarının daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur.
References
- Atterberg, A., Die Plastizita¨t der Tone. Int. Mitt. Bodenkd. 1, 10–43 (in German) (1911).
- Christaras, B., A comparison of the casagrande and fall cone penetrometer methods for liquid limit determination in marls from Crete, Greece, Engineering Geology, 31 (2),131-142, (1991).
- Hrubesova, E., Lunackova, B., and Brodzki, O., Comparison of liquid limit of soils resulted from casagrande test and Modificated Cone Penetrometer Methodology, Procedia Engineering, 142, 364-370, (2016).
- Spagnoli, G., Comparison between casagrande and drop-cone methods to calculate liquid limit for pure clay, Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 92 (6), 859-864, (2012).
- Di Matteo, L., Liquid limit of low-to medium-plasticity soils: comparison between casagrande cup and cone penetrometer test, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 71(1), 79-85, (2012).
- El-Shinawi, A., A comparison of liquid limit values for fine soils: A case study at the north Cairo-Suez district, Egypt, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 89(3), 339-343, (2017).
- Wasti, Y., and Bezirci, M. H., Determination of the consistency limits of soils by the fall cone test, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 23 (2), 241-246, (1986).
- ASTM D4318-17, Standard test methods for Liquid Limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, (2005).
- BS 1377-2, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes, classification tests, British Standard, (1990).
- Shimobe, S., Simultaneous determination of liquid and plastic limits of soils by extended BS fall cone method and its engineering application. Proc. of the 44th Symp. On Geotech. Engrg. JGS, Osaka, Japan, (1999).
- Thevanayagam, S. Liquefaction potential and undrained fragility of silty soils, Proceedings of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Auckland, New Zealand, (2000).
- Tiwari B, and Marui, H., Estimation of residual shear strength for bentonite-kaolin-toyoura sand mixture, Journal of Japan Landslide Society, 40 (2); 124–133, (2003).
- Shayea A., The combined effect of clay and moisture content on the behavior of remolded unsaturated soils, Engineering Geology, 62(4), 319-342, (2001).
- Quintela, A., Costa, C., Terroso, D., and Rocha, F., Liquid limit determination of clayey material by Casagrande method, fall cone test and EBS parameter, Materials Technology, 29, 82-87, (2014).
- Feng, T.W., Fall-cone penetration and water content relationship of clays, Geotechnique, 50(2), 181-187, (2000).
- O'Kelly, B.C., Vardanega, P.J., and Haigh, S.K., Use of fall cones to determine Atterberg limits: a review, Géotechnique, 1-14, (2018).
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 1, 2018 |
| Submission Date | April 11, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 20 Issue: 2 |