PSİKOLOJİK SERMAYE VE ALGILANAN İSTİHDAM EDİLEBİLİRLİK İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA

Abstract

Bu araştırma psikolojik sermaye ve boyutlarının (iyimserlik, öz yeterlilik, umut ve psikolojik dayanıklılık) algılanan istihdam edilebilirlik arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda; çeşitli yüksekokul ve fakültelerinde öğrenim görmekte olan öğrencilere (264) tesadüfi örneklem yöntemi ile elektronik ortamda anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, ölçeklerin yapısal geçerliliğinin uygun olduğunu ve öğrencilerin psikolojik sermaye ve boyutlarının algılanan istihdam edilebilirlik üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkilediğini desteklemektedir. Bu çalışmanın bulgularının, konuyla ilgili literatürdeki boşluğun doldurulmasına önemli önemli bir katkı yapabileceği ve iş hayatına giriş yapmak üzere olan veya kariyer değiştirecek kişilerin eğitim ve gelişim süreçlerini, pratik anlamda, destekleyebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Algılanan İstihdam Edilebilirlik
• Psikolojik Sermaye
• Kaynakların Korunması Kuramı

An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Psychological Capital and Perceived Employability

Abstract

This research was carried out to identify the relationship between perceived employability of psychological capital and its dimensions (optimism, self-efficacy, hope, and psychological resilience). In this context; A questionnaire was applied to students studying in various schools and faculties (264) electronically via random sampling method. The results of the analysis support that the structural validity of the scales are appropriate and that the psychological capital and dimensions of the students significantly and positively affect the perceived employability. It is thought that the findings of this study can make a significant contribution to filling the gap in the literature on the subject and can support the training and development processes of people who are about to enter the business life or those who will change their career, in a practical sense.

Keywords

• Perceived Employability
• Psychological Capital
• Conservation of Resources Theory

References

1. Agarwal, P. ve Farndale, E. (2017). High-Performance Work Systems and Creativity Implementation: The Role of Psychological Capital and Psychological Safety. Human Resource Management Journal, 27 (3), 440-458.
2. Akkermans, J. ve Tims, M. (2017). Crafting your Career: How Career Competencies Relate to Career Success via Job Crafting. International Association of Applied Psychology, 66 (1), 168-195.
3. Akkermans, J., Brenninkmeijer, V., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Blonk, R. W. B. (2015). It’s all about Careerskills: Effectiveness of a Career Development Intervention for Young Employees. Human Resource Management, 54 (4), 533-551.
4. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F. ve Youssef, C. M. (2010a). The Additive Value of Positive Psychological Capital in Predicting Work Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of Management, 36 (2), 430-452.
5. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Smith, R. M. ve Palmer, N.F. (2010b). Impact of Positive Psychological Capital on Employee Well-Being Over Time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15 (1), 17-28.
6. Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of Personal and Collective Efficacy in Changing Societies. A. Bandura (Ed.). Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies (1-45). New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Bergheim, K., Eid, J., Hystad, S. W., Nielsen, M. B., Mearns, K., Larsson, G. ve Luthans, B. (2013). The Role of Psychological Capital in Perception of Safety Climate among Air Traffic Controllers. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20, 232-241.
8. Bernston, E. ve Marklund, S. (2007). The Relationship between Perceived Employability and Subsequent Health. Work & Stress, 21 (3), 279-292.

9. Bernston, E., Näswall, K. ve Sverke, M. (2008). Investigating the Relationship between Employability and Eelf-Efficacy: A Cross-Lagged Analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17 (4), 413-425.
10. Bülbül, H. ve Demirer, Ö. (2008). Hizmet Kalitesi Ölçüm Modelleri Servqual ve Serperf’in Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20, 181-198.
11. Calvo, J. C. A. ve Garcia, G. M. (2020). The Influence of Psychological Capital on Graduates’ Perception of Employability: The Mediating Role of Employability Skills. Higher Educations Research & Development, 0 (0), doi: 10.1080/07294360.2020.1738350.
12. Chambel, M. J., Sobral, F., Espada, M. ve Curral, L. (2015). Training, Exhaustion, and Commitment of Temporary Agency Workers: A Test of Employability Perceptions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24 (1), 15-30.
13. Chen, D. J. Q. ve Lim, V. K. G. (2012). Strength in Adversity: The Influence of Psychological Capital on Job Search. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 811-839, doi: 10.1002/job.1814.
14. Cheung, F., Tang, C. S.-k., ve Tang, S. (2011). Psychological Capital as a Moderator between Emotional Labor, Burnout, and Job Satisfaction among School Teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management, 18 (4), 348-371.
15. Chiesa, R., Fazi, L., Guglielmi, D. ve Mariani, G. (2018). Enhancing Substainability: Psychological Capital, Perceived Employability, and Job Insecurity in Different Work Contract Conditions. Sustainability, 10, 2-10, doi:10.3390/su10072475.
16. Coetzee, M. ve Engelbrecht, L. (2019). How Employability Attributes Mediate the Link Between Knowledge Workers’ Career Adaptation Concerns and Their Self-Perceived Employability. Psychological Reports, 0 (0), doi: 10.1177/0033294119844981.
17. Çetin, F. ve Basım, N. (2012). Örgütsel Psikolojik Sermaye: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45 (1), 121-137.
18. Dawkins, S., Martin, A., Scott, J. ve Sanderson, K. (2013). Building on the Positives: A Psychometric Review and Critical Analysis of the Construct of Psychological Capital. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86, 348-370.
19. De Cuyper, N., Mäkikangas, A., Kinnunen, U., Mauno,, S. ve De Witte, H. (2012a). Cross-Lagged Associations between Perceived External Employability, Job Insecurity, and Exhaustion: Testing Gain and Loss Spirals According to the Conservation of Resources Theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 770-788.
20. De Cuyper, N., Raeder, S., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. ve Wittekind, A. (2012b). The Association Between Workers’ Employability and Burnout in a Reorganization Context: Longitudinal Evidence Building Upon the Conservation of Resources Theory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17 (2), 162-174.
21. De Vos, A., Van der Hauw, S. ve Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2011). Competency Development and Career Success: The Mediating Role of Employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79 (2), 438-447.
22. Direnzo, M. S., Greenhaus, J. H. ve Weer, C. H. (2015). Relationship between Protean Career Orientation and Work–Life Balance: A Resource Perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 538-560.
23. Donald, W. E., Baruch, Y. ve Ashleigh, M. (2017). The Undergraduate Self-Perception of Employability: Human Capital, Careers Advice, and Career Ownership. Studies in Higher Education, 599-614. doi:10.1080/03075079.2017.1387107.
24. Ellis, L. E. (2013). Community Embeddedness and Core Self-Evaluations as Predictors of Job Search and Stress during Unemployment: Perceived Employability as a Moderator. A Thesis Presented to The Graduate School of Clemson University, Published by ProQuest LLC.
25. Erdem, H., Kılınç, E. ve Demirci, D. (2016). Çalışanlarda İş Yükü Fazlalığının Algılanan İstihdam Edilebilirlik Üzerine Etkisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (58), 722-784.
26. Eriş, Y. ve Arun, K. (2020). Toksik Liderliğin Bir Çıktısı Olarak Örgütsel Bağlılık. OPUS- Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15 (24), 2764-2804, doi: 10.26466/opus.599311.
27. Eroğlu, A. (2010). Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Tekniklerin Varsayımları. Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
28. Forstenlechner, I., Selim, H., Baruch, Y. ve Madi, M. (2014). Career Exploration and Perceived Employability within an Emerging Economy Context. Human Resource Management, 53 (1), 45-66.
29. Giorgi, G., Shoss, M. K. ve Leon-Perez, J. M. (2015). Going Beyond Workplace Stressors: Economic Crisis and Perceived Employability in Relation to Psychological Distress and Job Dissatisfaction. International Journal of Stress Management, 22 (2), 137-158.
30. Gist, M.E. (1987). Self-Efficacy: Implications for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. Academy of Management Review, 12 (3), 472-485.
31. Gunawan, W., Creed, P. A. ve Glendon, A. I. (2019). Development and Initial Validation of a Perceived Future Employability Scale for Young Adults. Journal of Career Assessment, 27 (4), 610-627.
32. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., ve Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6. Bs.). Uppersaddle River. NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
33. Harms, P. D. ve Luthans, F. (2012). Measuring Implicit Psychological Constructs in Organizational Behavior: An Example using Psychological Capital. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 589-594.
34. Harms, P. D., Vanhove, A. ve Luthans, F. (2017). Positive Projections and Health: An Initial Validation of the Implicit Psychological Capital Health Measure. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 66 (1), 78-102.
35. Hirschi, A. (2013). Hope as a Resource for Self-Directed Career Management: Investigating Mediating Effects on Proactive Career Behaviors and Life and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15 (6), 1495–1512.
36. Hobfoll, S. (1989). Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44 (3), 513-524.
37. Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The Influence of Culture, Community, and the Nested-Self in the Stress Process: Advancing Conservation Of Resources Theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337-421.
38. Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N. ve Jackson, A.P. (2003). Resource Loss, Resource Gain, and Emotional Outcomes among Inner City Women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 (3), 632-643.
39. Huang, L. ve Luthans, F. (2015). Toward Better Understanding of the Learning Goal Orientation–Creativity Relationship: The Role of Positive Psychological Capital. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 64 (2), 444-472.
40. In, H. (2016). Acculturation and Hope as Predictors of Career Decision Self-Efficacy Among Korean International Undergraduate Students. Journal of Career Development, 43 (6), 526-540.
41. Ishaq, E., Bashir, S. ve Khan, A. K. (2019). Paradoxical Leader Behaviors: Leader Personality and Follower Outcomes. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1-16, doi.org/10.1111/apps.12233.
42. Johnson, R. A. ve Wichern, D. W. (2002). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, 5(8), Upper Saddle River. NJ: Prentice Hall. Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). Faktör Analizi. Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri (319-331). Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
43. Kasler, J., Zysberg, L. ve Harel, N. (2017). Hopes for the Future: Demographic and Personal Resources Associated with Self-Perceived Employability and Actual Employment among Senior Year Students. Journal of Education and Work, 30 (8), 881-892.
44. Kirves, K., Kinnunen, U. ve De Cuyper, N. (2014a). Contract Type, Perceived Mobility and Optimism as Antecedents of Perceived Employability. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 35 (3), 435-453.
45. Kirves, K., Kinnunen, U., De Cuyper, N. ve Mäkikangas, A. (2014b). Trajectories of Perceived Employability and Their Associations With Well-Being at Work: A Three-Wave Study. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 13 (1), 46-57.
46. Lam, C. F., Liang, J., Ashford, S. J. ve Lee, C. (2015). Job Insecurity And Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Exploring Curvilinear and Moderated Relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100 (2), 499-510.
47. Lau, B. ve Knardahi S. (2008). Perceived Job İnsecurity, Job Predictability, Personality, and Health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50 (2), 172-181.
48. Li, Y. (2018). Building Well-Being among University Teachers: The Roles of Psychological Capital and Meaning in Life. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psyhology, 27 (5), 594-602.
49. Liu Y. (2003). Developing a Scale to Measure the Interactivity of Websites. Journal of Advertising Research, 43 (2), 207-217.
50. Lupşa, D., Vîrga, D., Maricuțoiu, L. P. ve Rusu, A. (2019). Increasing Psychological Capital: A Pre-Registered Meta-Analysis of Controlled Interventions. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 0 (0), 1-51, doi: 10.1111/apps.12219
51. Luthans, F. ve Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Psychological Capital: An Evidence-Based Positive Approach. Annual Review of Organitazional Psychology Organizational Behavior, 4, 339-366.
52. Luthans, F. ve Youssef, C.M. (2004). Human, Social, and Now Positive Psychological Capital Management: Investing in People for Competitive Advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33 (2), 143-160.
53. Luthans, F., Avey, J .B. ve Patera, J. L. (2008). Experimental Analysis of a Web-Based Training Intervention to Develop Positive Psychological Capital. Academy of Management Learning & Education,7 (2), 209-221.
54. Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M. ve Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological Capital Development: Toward a Micro-Intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 387-393.
55. Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B. ve Norman, S. M. (2007a). Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship With Performance and Satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
56. Luthans, F., Youssef, M. C. ve Avolio, B. J. (2007b). Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge. New York: Oxford University Press.
57. Madrid, H. P., Diaz, M. T., Leka, S., Leiva, P. I. ve Barros, E. (2018). A Finer Grained Approach to Psychological Capital and Work Performance. J Bus Psychol, 33, 461-477.
58. Nelissen, J., Forrier, A. ve Verbruggen, M. (2017). Employee Development and Voluntary Turnover: Testing the Employability Paradox. Human Resource Management Journal, 27 (1), 152-168.
59. Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F. ve Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological Capital: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Behaviour, 35, 120-138. doi: 10.1002/job.1916.
60. Nghia, T. L. H., Singh, J. K. N., Pham, T. ve Medica, K. (2020). Employability, employability capital, and career development: a literature review. T. L. H. Nghia, T. Pham, M. Tomlinson, K. Medica ve C. Thompson (Eds.). Developing and Utilizing Employability Capitals: Graduates’ Strategies across Labour Markets (Routledge Research in Higher Education) (41-65). UK: Routledge.
61. Ngo, H., Liu, H. ve Cheung, F. (2017). Perceived Employability of Hong Kong Employees: Its Antecedents, Moderator and Outcomes. Personnel Review, 46 (1), 17-35.
62. Ngoma M. ve Ntale, P. D. (2016). Psychological Capital, Career Identity and Graduate Employability in Uganda: The Mediating Role of Social Capital. International Journal of Training and Development, 20 (2), 214-139.
63. Paterson, T. A., Luthans, F. ve Jeung, W. (2014). Thriving at Work: Impact of Psychological Capital and Supervisor Support. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 434-446.
64. Pinquart, M., Juang, L. P. ve Silbereisen, R. K. (2003). Self-Efficacy and Successful School-to-Work Transition: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 329-346.
65. Pool, L. D. ve Qualter, P. (2013). Emotional Self-Efficacy, Graduate Employability, and Career Satisfaction: Testing the Associations. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65, 214–223.
66. Rawat, R. ve Sharma, R. (2018). Is Psychological Capital Related to Employability Skills of Graduate Students? A Comparative Study of Technical and Non-Technical Graduate Students. Journal of General Management Research, 5 (2), 39-54.
67. Santilli, S., Ginevra, M. C., Sgaramella, T. M., Nota, L., Ferrari, L. ve Soresi, S. (2015). Design My Future. Journal of Career Assessment, 25 (2), 281-295.
68. Schermelleh, E. K, Moosbrugger, H ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2), 23-74.
69. Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. USA: John Willey&Sons Inc.
70. Sung, Y., Turner, S. L. ve Kaewchinda, M. (2012). Career Development Skills, Outcomes, and Hope Among College Students. Journal of Career Development, 40 (2), 127-145.
71. Türkiye İş Kurumu (İŞKUR). Resmi İstatistikler. 4 Mart 2020 tarihinde https://www.iskur.gov.tr/kurumsal-bilgi/istatistikler/. adresinden erişildi.
72. Van Hootegem, A., De Witte, H., De Cuyper, N. ve Vander Elst, T. (2019). Job Insecurity and the Willingness to Undertake Training: The Moderating Role of Perceived Employability. Journal of Career Development, 46 (4), 395-409.
73. Vanhercke, D., De Cuyper, N., Peeters, E. ve De Witte, H. (2014). Defining Perceived Employability: a Psychological Approach. Personnel Review, 43 (4), 592-605.
74. Wittekind, A., Raeder, S. ve Grote, G. (2010). A Longitudinal Study of Determinants of Perceived Employability. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 566-586.
75. Youssef-Morgan, C. M. ve Luthans, F. (2015). Psychological Capital and Well-Being. Stress and Health, 31, 180-188.