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‘İNSANİ GELİŞME’ VE TÜRKİYE

Year 2009, Volume: 12 Issue: 21, 339 - 350, 01.06.2009

Abstract

Araştırmanın Temeli: Gelişme ekonomisinde ‘ekonomik’ kalkınma anlayışı gelir ve ekonomik veriler üzerinden gelişmeyi tanımlar ve ölçerken,’insani’ gelişme anlayışı kalkınmanın merkezine insanı koyar ve bireylerin yaşam kalitelerinin yükseltilmesine odaklanır. Araştırmanın Amacı: Bu çalışma öncelikle ‘insani gelişme’yi düşünsel ve felsefi temelini oluşturan ‘yapabilirlik yaklaşımı’ çerçevesinde açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın diğer amacı ise Türkiye’nin insani gelişme açısından uluslararası konumunu ve yıllar içinde gösterdiği performansı değerlendirmektir. Veri Kaynakları: İnsani gelişme yaklaşımının felsefi temelini oluşturan ‘yapabilirlik yaklaşımı’ ve İnsani Gelişme Raporlarında Türkiye’nin insani gelişme eğilimi incelendi. Tartışma ve Sonuçlar: İnsani gelişme raporları Türkiye’nin düzenli ancak dengesiz bir gelişme eğilimi içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, Türkiye orta gelişme kategorisinde bir ülkedir ve aynı ve /veya daha alt gelir düzeyinde ülkelerle karşılaştırıldığında eğitim ve okullaşma endeks değerleri daha düşüktür. Bu bulgular insani gelişmişlik alanında, Türkiye’nin gelir boyutunun güçlü, bilgi boyutunun zayıf olduğunun göstergeleridir. Hızlı gelişen ülkeler arasında yer almakla birlikte Türkiye yüksek insani gelişme kategorisindeki ülkeler arasına girememiştir. Geleceğe dönük politikalarda yüksek insani gelişme düzeyine erişmek bir hedef olarak tanımlanmalı, ayrıca okur-yazarlık ve okullaşma oranlarında yüksek endeks değerleri elde edebilmek için eğitim alanındaki yatırımlara öncelik ve ağırlık verilmelidir

References

  • Anand S.Ve Sen A.(1994). Human development ındex: methodology and measurement. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper 12. UNDP, New York.
  • Arıcanlı & Rodrik(1990) An oerview of turkey’s experience with economic liberalization and structural adjustment. World Development, Vol.18, N. 10, ss. 1343-1350.
  • Arın, T.(2004). İnsani gelişme ve toplumsal cinsiyet gelişme endeksi. Prof. Dr.Necla Arat’a Armağan. İstanbul Kadın Kuruluşları Birliği, Beta Yayınları. İstanbul. ss.55-81.
  • Demir F. (2004). A failure story:politics and financial liberalization in turkey,revisiting the revolving door hypothesis. World Development, Vol.32, N.5, ss. 851-869.
  • Gasper Des (2000). Development as freedom: taking economics beyond commodities-the cautious boldness of amartya sen. Journal of International Development, 12(7), ss.989-1001.
  • Haq,Mahbub ul.(1995). Reflections of human development. Oxford University Press,New York.
  • Jahan S.(2007). Evolution of the human development index. in Fukuda-Parr F. & Kumar Shiva(eds) Readings in Human Development , (5th impression), Oxford University Press, Oxford, ss.152-164.
  • Karakaş E. Ve Köksal E.(2003). İnsani kalkınma ve Türkiye. Toplumsal Katılım ve Gelişim Vakfı, İstanbul.
  • Keyder Ç.(1987). Economic development and crisis: 1950: 1980. Schick ve Tonak(eds), Turkey in Transition, New Perspectives içinde, Oxford University Press, New York, ss.293-306.
  • Öniş, Z.(1998). Political economy of Turkey in the 1980s, anatomy of unorthodox liberalism. Z. Öniş, State and Market: The Political Economy ofTurkey in Comparative Perspective içinde, Istanbul: Boğaziçi University Press, ss.183- 196.
  • Sakiko Fukuda-Parr (2003). The human development paradigm: operationalizing sen's ideas on capabilities. Feminist Economics, N. 9 (2-3), ss.301-317.
  • Sakiko Fukuda-Parr Ve Kumar K.S.(2007)(eds). Readings in human development. Oxford University Press(5th impression),New Delhi.
  • Sen, A.K (1999). Development As freedom. Anchor Books, New York.
  • Sen, A.K.(1997). On economic inequality. Clarendon Press,New York.
  • Senşes F.Ve Öniş Z.(2005). Rethinking the emerging post-washington consensus: a critical appraisal. Development and Change, 36(2), ss.263-90.
  • UNDP(2008). Youth in turkey, 2008-turkey. UNDP, Ankara.
  • UNDP(2007-2008). Human development report 2007-2008,fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world. UNDP, New York.
  • UNDP(2004). Human development report 2004-turkey: ınformation and communication Technologies. UNDP, Ankara.
  • UNDP(2001). Measuring turkey’s human development performance,turkey 2001. UNDP,Ankara.

‘Human Development’ And Turkey

Year 2009, Volume: 12 Issue: 21, 339 - 350, 01.06.2009

Abstract

Problem Statement: In the development economics literature, ‘economic growth’ school focuses on the expansion of income and expenditure, whereas ‘human development’ approach defines development as an enhancement of human capabilities and widening of choices. Purpose of the study: The intellectual and the philosophical contributions that have shaped and enriched the concept of human development will be analysed in the first part of the paper. The second objective of the paper is to examine Turkey’s position in human development continuum. Methodology: The concepts and the additional categories of Amartya Sen’s ‘capability approach’ that form the theoretical framework of the human development paradigm, are examined. The Human Development Reports are studied to provide an examination of Turkey’s performance on the human development continuum through the years. Discussion and Results: Although Turkey has been among the fastest progressing countries, international comparison shows that countries with less income levels have managed to achieve higher levels of human development. The analysis of Turkey’s development performance points at a trend of constant yet unbalanced development. The second point is that knowledge persists as Turkey’s major weakness in the human development process. Turkey has to define her goal as to be among the high human development countries category in the nearest future. Moreover, the development policies should adopt a human development centred economic, social and cultural policy path, investing in education aiming to increase literacy rates and enrolment ratios

References

  • Anand S.Ve Sen A.(1994). Human development ındex: methodology and measurement. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper 12. UNDP, New York.
  • Arıcanlı & Rodrik(1990) An oerview of turkey’s experience with economic liberalization and structural adjustment. World Development, Vol.18, N. 10, ss. 1343-1350.
  • Arın, T.(2004). İnsani gelişme ve toplumsal cinsiyet gelişme endeksi. Prof. Dr.Necla Arat’a Armağan. İstanbul Kadın Kuruluşları Birliği, Beta Yayınları. İstanbul. ss.55-81.
  • Demir F. (2004). A failure story:politics and financial liberalization in turkey,revisiting the revolving door hypothesis. World Development, Vol.32, N.5, ss. 851-869.
  • Gasper Des (2000). Development as freedom: taking economics beyond commodities-the cautious boldness of amartya sen. Journal of International Development, 12(7), ss.989-1001.
  • Haq,Mahbub ul.(1995). Reflections of human development. Oxford University Press,New York.
  • Jahan S.(2007). Evolution of the human development index. in Fukuda-Parr F. & Kumar Shiva(eds) Readings in Human Development , (5th impression), Oxford University Press, Oxford, ss.152-164.
  • Karakaş E. Ve Köksal E.(2003). İnsani kalkınma ve Türkiye. Toplumsal Katılım ve Gelişim Vakfı, İstanbul.
  • Keyder Ç.(1987). Economic development and crisis: 1950: 1980. Schick ve Tonak(eds), Turkey in Transition, New Perspectives içinde, Oxford University Press, New York, ss.293-306.
  • Öniş, Z.(1998). Political economy of Turkey in the 1980s, anatomy of unorthodox liberalism. Z. Öniş, State and Market: The Political Economy ofTurkey in Comparative Perspective içinde, Istanbul: Boğaziçi University Press, ss.183- 196.
  • Sakiko Fukuda-Parr (2003). The human development paradigm: operationalizing sen's ideas on capabilities. Feminist Economics, N. 9 (2-3), ss.301-317.
  • Sakiko Fukuda-Parr Ve Kumar K.S.(2007)(eds). Readings in human development. Oxford University Press(5th impression),New Delhi.
  • Sen, A.K (1999). Development As freedom. Anchor Books, New York.
  • Sen, A.K.(1997). On economic inequality. Clarendon Press,New York.
  • Senşes F.Ve Öniş Z.(2005). Rethinking the emerging post-washington consensus: a critical appraisal. Development and Change, 36(2), ss.263-90.
  • UNDP(2008). Youth in turkey, 2008-turkey. UNDP, Ankara.
  • UNDP(2007-2008). Human development report 2007-2008,fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world. UNDP, New York.
  • UNDP(2004). Human development report 2004-turkey: ınformation and communication Technologies. UNDP, Ankara.
  • UNDP(2001). Measuring turkey’s human development performance,turkey 2001. UNDP,Ankara.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Didem Gürses This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 12 Issue: 21

Cite

APA Gürses, D. (2009). ‘İNSANİ GELİŞME’ VE TÜRKİYE. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(21), 339-350.

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