İlkelerden Uygulamaya: Etik Yapay Zekâ Literatürünün Bibliyometrik Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, yapay zeka etiği alanındaki küresel literatürün ilk kapsamlı bibliyometrik analizini sunarak disiplinin entelektüel mimarisini haritalamayı ve normatif ilkelerle operasyonel uygulama arasındaki kritik boşlukları belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, Scopus veri tabanından 1985-2025 yılları arasında yayımlanan 2.251 İngilizce yayın PRISMA kuralları çerçevesinde sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. Analizlerde VOSviewer yazılımı kullanılarak yazar işbirlikleri, kurumsal bağlantılar, ülke bazlı üretkenlik ve anahtar kelime eşleşme örüntüleri değerlendirilmiş; zamansal fazlar boyunca evrimsel eğilimler ve paradigmatik dönüşümler ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, yayın hacminin 1985-2014 yılları arasında yalnızca 3 çalışmadan 2024 yılında 676 yayına ulaşarak exponansiyel bir büyüme sergilediğini göstermektedir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (658 yayın, 10.878 atıf) ve Birleşik Krallık (411 yayın, 5.497 atıf) küresel üretimde belirgin bir üstünlük sağlamaktadır. Alanın, teknik disiplinler (Bilgisayar Bilimleri: %31,4; Mühendislik: %7,9) ile normatif alanlardan (Sosyal Bilimler: %18,4; Sanat ve Beşeri Bilimler: %10,2) oluşan çift çekirdekli bir yapıya sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Anahtar kelime analizleri, adalet, hesap verebilirlik, şeffaflık ve açıklanabilirlik (FAccT) ilkeleri etrafında kavramsal bir konsolidasyona işaret etmekte; ayrıca üretken yapay zeka etiği (100 yayın) ve yönetişim çerçevelerine (81 yayın) yönelik artan bir vurgu dikkat çekmektedir. Sonuçlar, yapay zeka etiği literatürünün çevresel teknik kaygılardan çıkarak ana akım disiplinler arası bir alana evrildiğini, ancak kanıt temelli uygulama metodolojileri, Küresel Güney perspektifleri ve bağlam duyarlı çerçeveler açısından önemli boşlukların varlığını sürdürdüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. İlke temelli yaklaşımdan uygulama odaklı araştırmaya geçiş, disiplinin bir sonraki evrimsel fazını temsil etmekte olup, bütünleşmiş teknik-normatif yaklaşımların ve uyarlanabilir yönetişim mekanizmalarının geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Yapay zeka
• Yapay zeka etiği
• Yapay zeka yönetişimi
• Sorumlu yapay zeka
• Bibliyometrik analiz.

From Principles to Practice: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Ethical Artificial Intelligence Literature

Abstract

This study aims to map the intellectual architecture of the discipline and identify critical gaps between normative principles and operational application by presenting the first comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the global literature in the field of artificial intelligence ethics. To this end, 2,251 English-language publications published between 1985 and 2025 from the Scopus database were systematically examined within the framework of PRISMA guidelines. Using VOSviewer software, the analyses evaluated author collaborations, institutional connections, country-based productivity, and keyword matching patterns, revealing evolutionary trends and paradigmatic shifts over time. The findings show that the volume of publications grew exponentially, from only 3 studies between 1985 and 2014 to 676 publications in 2024. The United States (658 publications, 10,878 citations) and the United Kingdom (411 publications, 5,497 citations) have a clear advantage in global production. The field appears to have a dual-core structure consisting of technical disciplines (Computer Science: 31.4%; Engineering: 7.9%) and normative fields (Social Sciences: 18.4%; Arts and Humanities: 10.2%). Keyword analyses point to a conceptual consolidation around the principles of fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability (FAccT); additionally, an increasing emphasis on generative AI ethics (100 publications) and governance frameworks (81 publications) is noteworthy. The results reveal that the AI ethics literature has evolved from environmental technical concerns into a mainstream interdisciplinary field, yet significant gaps persist in terms of evidence-based application methodologies, Global South perspectives, and context-sensitive frameworks. The shift from principle-based approaches to application-oriented research represents the next evolutionary phase of the discipline, requiring the development of integrated technical-normative approaches and adaptable governance mechanisms.

Keywords

• Artificial intelligence
• AI ethics
• AI governance
• Responsible AI
• Bibliometric analysis.

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