Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Toprak İşlemesiz Tarımın Durumu ve Benimsenmesi

Mehmet Tekin; Muzaffer Avcı; Ahmet Çat; Taner Akar

Derleme

Current Status and Adoption of No Till in the World and Turkey

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 22 - 34, 01.09.2017

Mehmet Tekin , Muzaffer Avcı Ahmet Çat , Taner Akar

Öz

No-till, a component of the USA-based conservation agriculture system, has disseminated to many countries, mainly in Argentina and Brazil due to the increasing concerns about soil and natural resources worldwide in recent years. This agriculture system, which has already application area about 160 million hectares in the World, spreads rapidly especially in North and South America and Australia followed by Asia thanks to researches and agricultural extension activities. Although successful results have also been obtained with different studies in dry-land conditions in Turkey, large-scale research and extension activities including agricultural support policies are needed in order to extend the system sustainably. This review discusses the current status and adoption of no till agriculture which is the special case of conservation agriculture in the World and Turkey and its ecological and economic advantages. Additionally, it is also summarized what is needed to disseminate the system in our country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Conservation agriculture, no till, reduced tillage, productivity, stubble management, adoption

Kaynakça

Abdalla, M., Osborne, B., Lanigan, G., Forristal, D., Williams, M., Smith, P., Jones, B. (2013). Conservation tillage systems: a review of its consequences for greenhouse gas emissions. Soil Use and Management, 29: 199-209.
Akar, T., Avcı, M. (2012). Ülkemizde toprak işlemesiz tarım nasıl yaygınlaştırılabilir! Kayseri Ticaret Borsası Dergisi, s. 70-73.
Altıkat, S., Çelik, A. (2013). Farklı tip gömücü ayaklara sahip anıza doğrudan ekim makinalarının güç ve yakıt tüketimi yönünden karşılaştırılması. 28. Ulusal Tarımsal Mekanizasyon Kongresi, Konya.
Andersson, J. A. and D’Souza, S. (2014). From adoption claims to understanding farmers and contexts: A literature review of Conservation Agriculture (CA) adoption among smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187: 116-132.
Arslan, A., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., Asfaw, S., Cattaneo, A. (2014). Adoption and intensity of adoption of conservation farming practices in Zambia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187: 72-86.
Avcı, M. (2005). Zero and minimum tillage as alternatives to conventional cultivation in dryland fallow/wheat and annual cropping systems in Central Anatolia. Pala M, Beukes DJ, Dimes JP, and Myers RJK (eds.), Management for improved water use efficiency in the dry areas of Africa and West Asia: proceedings of a workshop organized by the Optimizing Soil Water Use (OSWU) Consortium, 22-26 April 2002, Ankara, Turkey, Aleppo, Syria, ICARDA and Patancheru, India, ICRISAT. pp 89-101.
Avcı, M. (2011). Conservation tillage in Turkish dryland research. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 31: 299-307.
Aykas, E., Önal, I. (1999). Effects of different tillage seeding and weed control methods on plant growth and wheat yield. 7. International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture, Adana, Turkey.
Aykas, E., Yalçın, H., Önal, İ., Evcim, Ü. (2006). İkinci ürün pamuk üretiminde doğrudan ekim uygulama olanakları. TOVAG 2675 no’lu TUBİTAK Projesi Sonuç Raporu.
http://uvt.ulakbim.gov.tr/uvt/index.php?cwid=9&vtadi=TPRJ&ano=66241_a5d514498ea6a883fd76986db37b2523 (Son erişim tarihi: 15.04.2017).
Baig, M. N., Gamache, P. M. (2009). The Economic, agronomic and environmental ımpact of no-till on the Canadian Prairies. Alberta Reduced Tillage Linkages, Canada. http://nutrient2.iwlearn.org/whats-new/the-economic-agronomic-and-environmental-impact-of-no-till-on-the-canadian-prairies-summary/at_download/file (Son erişim tarihi: 09.02.2017).
Bajwa, A. A. (2014). Sustainable weed management in conservation agriculture. Crop Protection, 65: 105-113.
Baker, J. M., Ochsner, T. E., Venterea, R. T., Giffis, T. J. (2007a). Tillage and soil carbon sequestration: what do we really know?. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118: 1 5.
Baker, C. J., Saxton, K. E., Ritchie, W. R., Chamen, W. C. T., Reicosky, D. C., Ribeiro, M. F. S., Justice, S. E., Hobbs, P. R. (2007b). No-Tillage seeding in conservation agriculture. 2nd Edition, CABI and FAO.
Bal, H. (1985). Toprak sıkışması sorunları ve çözüm yolları. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon 9. Ulusal Kongresi, s. 131-138, Adana.
CASA, (2016). Conservation agriculture systems alliance. http://www.conservationinformation.org/ (Son erişim tarihi: 03.02.2017).
Chauhan, B. S., Singh, R. G., Mahajan, G. (2012). Ecology and management of weeds under conservation agriculture: A review. Crop Protection, 38: 57-65.
Corbeels, M., de Graaff, J., Ndah, T. H., Penot, E., Baudron, F., Naudin, K., Andrieu, N., Chirat, G., Schuler, J., Nyagumbo, I., Rusinamhodzi, L., Traore, K., Mzoba, H. D., Adolwa, I. S. (2014). Understanding the impact and adoption of conservation agriculture in Africa: A multi-scale analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187: 155-170.
Crabtree, B. (2010). Search for sustainability in dryland agriculture. Crabtree Agricultural Consulting, Australia.
Çarman, K., Marakoğlu, T. (2007). Nohut üretiminde azaltılmış toprak işleme ve direk ekim uygulamalarının karşılaştırılması. 2. Koruyucu Toprak İşleme ve Doğrudan Ekim Çalıştayı, 13 Haziran 2007, İzmir.
Çarman, K., Demir, F., Gücan, A., Topal, A., Soylu, S., Marakoğlu, T., Akgün, N. (2010). Hububat ve baklagil tarımında koruyucu toprak işleme ve doğrudan ekim uygulamaları. 105O492 no’lu TUBİTAK Projesi Sonuç Raporu.
http://uvt.ulakbim.gov.tr/uvt/index.php?cwid=9&vtadi=TPRJ&ano=122014_06699c5168e0d495a76e4301368b838c (Son erişim tarihi: 15.04.2017).
Delgado, J. A., Nearing, M. A., Rice, C. W. (2013). Conservation practices for climate change adaptation. Advances in Agronomy, 121: 47-115.
Derpsch, R., Friedrich, T. (2009). Sustainable crop production intensification –The adoption of conservation agriculture worldwide-. 16th ISCO Congress, 8-12 Nov. 2010, Santiago, Chile.
Du Preez, C. C., Steyn, J. T., Kotze, E. (2001). Long-term effects of wheat residue management on some fertility indicators of a semiarid plinthosol. Soil Till. Res. 63: 25-33.
FAO, (2008). Investing in sustainable crop ıntensification: The Case for Soil Health. Report of the International Technical Workshop, FAO, Rome, July. Integrated Crop Management, Vol. 6. Rome: FAO.
FAO, (2016). FAO Aquastat Database. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en (Son erişim tarihi: 09.02.2017).
Faulkner, E. H. (1945). Ploughman’s Folly, Michael Joseph, London.
Friedrich, T., Kassam, A. H. (2009). Adoption of conservation agriculture technologies: constraints and opportunities. Proceedings of the IV World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, ICAR, New Delhi, India.
Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R., Kassam, A. (2012). Overview of the global spread of conservation agriculture. Field Actions Science Reports, Special issue 6. http://factsreports.revues.org/1941 (Son erişim tarihi: 01.02.2017).
Fukuoka, M. (1975). One straw revolution, Rodale Press, English translation of shizen noho wara ippeon no kakumei, Hakujusha Co., Tokyo.
Giller, K. E., Witter, E., Corbeels, M., Tittonell, P. (2009). Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: The heretics’ view. Field Crops Research, 114: 23-34.
Giller, K. E., Andersson, J. A., Corbeels, M., Kirkegaard, J., Mortensen, D., Erenstein, O., Vanlauwe, B. (2015). Beyond conservation agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 870. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00870
Gudynas, E. (2008). The new bonfire of vanities: Soybean cultivation and globalization in South America. Development, 51(4): 512-518.
Gupta, R., Sayre, K. (2007). Conservation agriculture in South Asia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 145: 207-214.
Gürsoy, S., Özaslan, C., Urğun, M., Kolay, B., Koç, M. (2014). The effect of sowing time, tillage system and herbicides on weed species density, weed biomass and yield of lentil within a lentil-wheat sequence. Agriculture and Forestry, 60(3): 73-85.
Gözübüyük, Z., Öztürk, İ., Demir, O., Çelik, A. (2012). Erzurum kuru tarım koşullarında farklı toprak işleme – ekim sistemlerinin toprak nem değişimine etkisi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 8(4): 365-374.
Hobbs, P. R., Sayre, K., Gupta, R. (2008). The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., 363: 543-555.
Holland, J. M. (2004). The environmental consequences of adopting conservation tillage in Europe: reviewing the evidence. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 103: 1-25.
IPCC, (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Karabak, S., Taşçı, R., Karaçam, M., Kodaş, R., Güneş, M., Yılmazer, H. (2016). Kırıkkale ilinde doğrudan ekim sisteminin yaygınlaştırılmasına yönelik bir alan uygulaması ve sonuçların çiftçi açısından değerlendirilmesi. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(2): 145-157.
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Lal, R. (1989). Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture: Tropics versus temperate environments. Advances in Agronomy, 42: 85-197.
Laurent, F., Leturcq, G., Mello, I., Corbonnois, J., Verdum, R. (2011). La diffusion du semis direct au Brésil, diversité des pratiques et logiques territoriales: l’exemple de la région d’Itaipu au Paraná. Confins 12, http://confins.revues.org/7143 (Son erişim tarihi: 09.02.2017).
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Madejon, E., Moreno, F., Murillo, J. M., Pelegrin, F. (2007). Soil biochemical response to long-term conservation tillage under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. Soil and Tillage Research, 94: 346-352.
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Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Toprak İşlemesiz Tarımın Durumu ve Benimsenmesi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 22 - 34, 01.09.2017

Mehmet Tekin , Muzaffer Avcı Ahmet Çat , Taner Akar

Öz

Son yıllarda Dünya genelinde öncelikle toprak olmak üzere doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilir kullanımına ilişkin kaygıların artmasıyla, ABD merkezli geliştirilen korumalı tarım sisteminin önemli bir ayağı olan toprak işlemesiz tarım, başta Arjantin ve Brezilya olmak üzere birçok ülkede yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar ve yayım çalışmaları ile dünya genelinde 160 milyon ha alanda uygulama alanı bulan bu tarım sistemi, özellikle Kuzey ve Güney Amerika ile Avustralya’da hızla yaygınlaşmakta olup bu kıtaları Asya kıtası takip etmektedir. Ülkemizde de kuru tarım alanlarında yürütülen çalışmaların sonucunda başarılı sonuçlar alınmış olmasına rağmen, sistemin sürdürülebilir bir şekilde yaygınlaştırılması için tarımsal destekleme politikalarını da kapsayan geniş ölçekli araştırma-yayım çalışmalarına ihtiyaç duyulduğu görülmektedir. Bu derlemede koruyucu tarımın önemli bir unsuru olan toprak işlemesiz tarımın Dünya ve ülkemizdeki durumu ve benimsenmesi ile bu sistemin ekolojik ve ekonomik üstünlükleri irdelenmiş, ayrıca ülkemizde bu sistemin yaygınlaşması için yapılması gerekenler özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Korumalı tarım, toprak işlemesiz tarım, azaltılmış toprak işleme, verimlilik, anız yönetimi, benimsenme

Kaynakça

Abdalla, M., Osborne, B., Lanigan, G., Forristal, D., Williams, M., Smith, P., Jones, B. (2013). Conservation tillage systems: a review of its consequences for greenhouse gas emissions. Soil Use and Management, 29: 199-209.
Akar, T., Avcı, M. (2012). Ülkemizde toprak işlemesiz tarım nasıl yaygınlaştırılabilir! Kayseri Ticaret Borsası Dergisi, s. 70-73.
Altıkat, S., Çelik, A. (2013). Farklı tip gömücü ayaklara sahip anıza doğrudan ekim makinalarının güç ve yakıt tüketimi yönünden karşılaştırılması. 28. Ulusal Tarımsal Mekanizasyon Kongresi, Konya.
Andersson, J. A. and D’Souza, S. (2014). From adoption claims to understanding farmers and contexts: A literature review of Conservation Agriculture (CA) adoption among smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187: 116-132.
Arslan, A., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., Asfaw, S., Cattaneo, A. (2014). Adoption and intensity of adoption of conservation farming practices in Zambia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187: 72-86.
Avcı, M. (2005). Zero and minimum tillage as alternatives to conventional cultivation in dryland fallow/wheat and annual cropping systems in Central Anatolia. Pala M, Beukes DJ, Dimes JP, and Myers RJK (eds.), Management for improved water use efficiency in the dry areas of Africa and West Asia: proceedings of a workshop organized by the Optimizing Soil Water Use (OSWU) Consortium, 22-26 April 2002, Ankara, Turkey, Aleppo, Syria, ICARDA and Patancheru, India, ICRISAT. pp 89-101.
Avcı, M. (2011). Conservation tillage in Turkish dryland research. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 31: 299-307.
Aykas, E., Önal, I. (1999). Effects of different tillage seeding and weed control methods on plant growth and wheat yield. 7. International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture, Adana, Turkey.
Aykas, E., Yalçın, H., Önal, İ., Evcim, Ü. (2006). İkinci ürün pamuk üretiminde doğrudan ekim uygulama olanakları. TOVAG 2675 no’lu TUBİTAK Projesi Sonuç Raporu.
http://uvt.ulakbim.gov.tr/uvt/index.php?cwid=9&vtadi=TPRJ&ano=66241_a5d514498ea6a883fd76986db37b2523 (Son erişim tarihi: 15.04.2017).
Baig, M. N., Gamache, P. M. (2009). The Economic, agronomic and environmental ımpact of no-till on the Canadian Prairies. Alberta Reduced Tillage Linkages, Canada. http://nutrient2.iwlearn.org/whats-new/the-economic-agronomic-and-environmental-impact-of-no-till-on-the-canadian-prairies-summary/at_download/file (Son erişim tarihi: 09.02.2017).
Bajwa, A. A. (2014). Sustainable weed management in conservation agriculture. Crop Protection, 65: 105-113.
Baker, J. M., Ochsner, T. E., Venterea, R. T., Giffis, T. J. (2007a). Tillage and soil carbon sequestration: what do we really know?. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118: 1 5.
Baker, C. J., Saxton, K. E., Ritchie, W. R., Chamen, W. C. T., Reicosky, D. C., Ribeiro, M. F. S., Justice, S. E., Hobbs, P. R. (2007b). No-Tillage seeding in conservation agriculture. 2nd Edition, CABI and FAO.
Bal, H. (1985). Toprak sıkışması sorunları ve çözüm yolları. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon 9. Ulusal Kongresi, s. 131-138, Adana.
CASA, (2016). Conservation agriculture systems alliance. http://www.conservationinformation.org/ (Son erişim tarihi: 03.02.2017).
Chauhan, B. S., Singh, R. G., Mahajan, G. (2012). Ecology and management of weeds under conservation agriculture: A review. Crop Protection, 38: 57-65.
Corbeels, M., de Graaff, J., Ndah, T. H., Penot, E., Baudron, F., Naudin, K., Andrieu, N., Chirat, G., Schuler, J., Nyagumbo, I., Rusinamhodzi, L., Traore, K., Mzoba, H. D., Adolwa, I. S. (2014). Understanding the impact and adoption of conservation agriculture in Africa: A multi-scale analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 187: 155-170.
Crabtree, B. (2010). Search for sustainability in dryland agriculture. Crabtree Agricultural Consulting, Australia.
Çarman, K., Marakoğlu, T. (2007). Nohut üretiminde azaltılmış toprak işleme ve direk ekim uygulamalarının karşılaştırılması. 2. Koruyucu Toprak İşleme ve Doğrudan Ekim Çalıştayı, 13 Haziran 2007, İzmir.
Çarman, K., Demir, F., Gücan, A., Topal, A., Soylu, S., Marakoğlu, T., Akgün, N. (2010). Hububat ve baklagil tarımında koruyucu toprak işleme ve doğrudan ekim uygulamaları. 105O492 no’lu TUBİTAK Projesi Sonuç Raporu.
http://uvt.ulakbim.gov.tr/uvt/index.php?cwid=9&vtadi=TPRJ&ano=122014_06699c5168e0d495a76e4301368b838c (Son erişim tarihi: 15.04.2017).
Delgado, J. A., Nearing, M. A., Rice, C. W. (2013). Conservation practices for climate change adaptation. Advances in Agronomy, 121: 47-115.
Derpsch, R., Friedrich, T. (2009). Sustainable crop production intensification –The adoption of conservation agriculture worldwide-. 16th ISCO Congress, 8-12 Nov. 2010, Santiago, Chile.
Du Preez, C. C., Steyn, J. T., Kotze, E. (2001). Long-term effects of wheat residue management on some fertility indicators of a semiarid plinthosol. Soil Till. Res. 63: 25-33.
FAO, (2008). Investing in sustainable crop ıntensification: The Case for Soil Health. Report of the International Technical Workshop, FAO, Rome, July. Integrated Crop Management, Vol. 6. Rome: FAO.
FAO, (2016). FAO Aquastat Database. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en (Son erişim tarihi: 09.02.2017).
Faulkner, E. H. (1945). Ploughman’s Folly, Michael Joseph, London.
Friedrich, T., Kassam, A. H. (2009). Adoption of conservation agriculture technologies: constraints and opportunities. Proceedings of the IV World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, ICAR, New Delhi, India.
Friedrich, T., Derpsch, R., Kassam, A. (2012). Overview of the global spread of conservation agriculture. Field Actions Science Reports, Special issue 6. http://factsreports.revues.org/1941 (Son erişim tarihi: 01.02.2017).
Fukuoka, M. (1975). One straw revolution, Rodale Press, English translation of shizen noho wara ippeon no kakumei, Hakujusha Co., Tokyo.
Giller, K. E., Witter, E., Corbeels, M., Tittonell, P. (2009). Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: The heretics’ view. Field Crops Research, 114: 23-34.
Giller, K. E., Andersson, J. A., Corbeels, M., Kirkegaard, J., Mortensen, D., Erenstein, O., Vanlauwe, B. (2015). Beyond conservation agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 870. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00870
Gudynas, E. (2008). The new bonfire of vanities: Soybean cultivation and globalization in South America. Development, 51(4): 512-518.
Gupta, R., Sayre, K. (2007). Conservation agriculture in South Asia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 145: 207-214.
Gürsoy, S., Özaslan, C., Urğun, M., Kolay, B., Koç, M. (2014). The effect of sowing time, tillage system and herbicides on weed species density, weed biomass and yield of lentil within a lentil-wheat sequence. Agriculture and Forestry, 60(3): 73-85.
Gözübüyük, Z., Öztürk, İ., Demir, O., Çelik, A. (2012). Erzurum kuru tarım koşullarında farklı toprak işleme – ekim sistemlerinin toprak nem değişimine etkisi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 8(4): 365-374.
Hobbs, P. R., Sayre, K., Gupta, R. (2008). The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., 363: 543-555.
Holland, J. M. (2004). The environmental consequences of adopting conservation tillage in Europe: reviewing the evidence. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 103: 1-25.
IPCC, (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Karabak, S., Taşçı, R., Karaçam, M., Kodaş, R., Güneş, M., Yılmazer, H. (2016). Kırıkkale ilinde doğrudan ekim sisteminin yaygınlaştırılmasına yönelik bir alan uygulaması ve sonuçların çiftçi açısından değerlendirilmesi. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(2): 145-157.
Korucu, T., Kirişçi, V., Görücü, S. (1998). Korumalı toprak işleme ve Türkiye’deki uygulamaları. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon 18. Ulusal Kongresi, s.321-333, Tekirdağ.
Lal, R. (1989). Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture: Tropics versus temperate environments. Advances in Agronomy, 42: 85-197.
Laurent, F., Leturcq, G., Mello, I., Corbonnois, J., Verdum, R. (2011). La diffusion du semis direct au Brésil, diversité des pratiques et logiques territoriales: l’exemple de la région d’Itaipu au Paraná. Confins 12, http://confins.revues.org/7143 (Son erişim tarihi: 09.02.2017).
Lindwall, C. W., Sonntag, B. (eds.) (2010). Landscape Transformed: The history of conservation tillage and direct seeding. Knowledge Impact in Society, University of Saskatchewan, 233 p. Saskatoon.
Madejon, E., Moreno, F., Murillo, J. M., Pelegrin, F. (2007). Soil biochemical response to long-term conservation tillage under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. Soil and Tillage Research, 94: 346-352.
Olgun, M., Serin, Y., Kumlay, A. M., Turgut, B. (2007). Kıraç şartlarda toprak işleme yöntemleri ve münavebe sistemlerinin Macar fiğin verim ve bazı verim unsurları ile toprak özelliklerine etkisi. Türkiye VII. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi, 25-27 haziran 2007, Erzurum.
Peterson, G. A., Westfall, D. G., Hansen, N. C. (2012). Enhancing precipitation-use efficiency in the world’s dryland ecosystems. In: Lal, R. and Stewart, B.A. (eds), Soil Water and Agronomic Productivity. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp 455–476.
Pittelkow, C. M., Liang, X., Linquist, B. A., van Groenigen, K. J., Lee, J., Lundy, M. E., van Gestel, N., Six, J., Venterea, T., van Kessel, C. (2015). Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature, 517: 365-368. doi:10.1038/nature13809.
Reicosky, D. C. (2003). Conservation agriculture: Global environmental benefits of soil carbon management. In: Garcia-Torres, L., Benites, J., Martinez-Vilela, A. and Holgado-Cabrera, A. (eds), Conservation Agriculture. Springer Netherlands, pp. 3-12.
Saturnino, H. M., Landers, J. N. (2002). The environment and zero tillage, APDC-FAO, Brasilia, Brazil, UDC.
Sorrenson, W. J., Montoya, L. J. (1984). Implicaçoes econômicas da erosao do solo e de practices conservacionistas no Paraná, Brasil, IAPAR, Londrina, GTZ, Eschborn.
Sorrenson, W. J., Montoya, L. J. (1991). The economics of tillage practices. In: Derpsch, R., Roth, C.H., Sidiras, N. And Kopke, U. (eds), Controle da erosão no Paraná, Brasil: sistemas de cobertura do solo, plantio direto e preparo conservacionista do solo, GTZ, Eschborn, pp. 165 -192.
Stewart, B. A., Koohafkan, P., Ramamoorthy, K. (2006). Dryland agriculture defined and its importance to the world. In: Peterson, G.A., Unger, P.W. and Payne, W.A (eds), Dryland agriculture. Agron. Monogr. 23. 2nd ed. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp 1–26.
Suleimenov, M., Pala, M., Karajeh, F. (2003). ICARDA’s network on conservation agriculture in Central Asia. In: Garcia-Torres, L., Benites, J., Martinez-Vilela, A. And Holgado-Cabrera, A. (eds), Conservation Agriculture, Springer Netherlands, pp. 165-168.
Tuğrul, K. M., Dursun, I. (2007). Tillage effect on yield, quality, management and cost of sugarbeet. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa And Latin America, 38(2): 38-41.
Unger, P. W., McCalla, T. M. (1980). Conservation tillage systems. Advances in Agronomy, 33: 1-58.
Unger, P. W., Payne, W. A., Peterson, G. A. (2006). Water conservation and efficient use. In: G.A. Peterson, P.W. Unger, and W.A. Payne, editors, Dryland agriculture. Agron. Monogr. 23. 2nd ed. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. p. 39–85
Verhulst, N., Govaerts, B., Verachtert, E., Castellanos-Navarrete, A., Mezzalama, M., Wall, P. C., Chocobar, A., Deckers, J., Sayre, K. D. (2010). Conservation agriculture, improving soil quality for sustainable production systems?. In: Lal, R. and Stewart, B.A. (eds), Food Security and Soil Quality, CRC Press, pp. 137-208.
World Bank, (2016). The World Bank Open Data. http://data.worldbank.org/ (Son erişim tarihi: 03.02.2017).
Yalçın, H., Aykas, E., Çakır, E., Gülsoylu, E., Önal, İ., Okur, B., Nemli, Y., Ongun, A. R., Delibacak, S., Türkseven, S. (2008). Kontrollü trafik koşullarında koruyucu toprak işleme ve doğrudan ekim uygulamaları 2004/ZRF/019 No’lu BAP Projesi Sonuç Raporu (Yayımlanmamış).

Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Mehmet Tekin Muzaffer Avcı Bu kişi benim Ahmet Çat Taner Akar
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Eylül 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2017 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Tekin, M., Avcı, M., Çat, A., Akar, T. (2017). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Toprak İşlemesiz Tarımın Durumu ve Benimsenmesi. Bahri Dağdaş Bitkisel Araştırma Dergisi, 6(1), 22-34.

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