THE POLICY OF COLLECTIVIZATION IN KAZAKHSTAN BASED ON THE FORM OF SOCIALIST RESTRUCTURING OF STALIN IN THE SOVIET UNION

Year 2021, Issue: 21, 501 - 520, 01.01.2021

Aınur Arkhymatayeva

https://doi.org/10.33431/belgi.724359

Abstract

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 had different effects on the history of the Turkish peoples living in this geography. The main goal of Soviet historiography was the Bolshevik revolution and the confirmation of the victory of communism. In the modern stage of development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the interest of researchers in the national history of the 1920-1930s has increased. This is a completely natural phenomenon, since it was during this period that the foundations of Soviet society were laid.
One of the most important scientific aspects of the historical development of the country in the Republic of Kazakhstan is the history of the Stalinist policy of the Soviet government during the 20-30 years of the 20th century, known as the ‘the Great terror and in the mass repression’. The Soviet Union aimed to weaken the traditional economy of Kazakhs. That policy is considered, mainly, as the history of Stalin’s rule. The article covers the following points: how the Soviet Union destroyed the traditional structure of Kazakh people during the years of Stalin's rule, collectivization and the idea of collective farms, confiscation policy, public protest against Stalin’s collectivization policy and population losses. Thus, a large-scale plan of forced collectivization led not only to the economic crisis of live- stock farming households of Kazakhstan, but also in social and demographic conse- quences in Kazakhstan. This study is based on some historical data from the Soviet sources.

Keywords

Kazakhstan, collectivization, repression, starvation, Stalin’s rule, confiscation, public protests

THE POLICY OF COLLECTIVIZATION DRİVE IN KAZAKHSTAN BASED ON THE FORM OF SOCIALIST RESTRUCTURING REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

Abstract

Sovyetler Birliğinin 1991’de dağılması, bu coğrafyada yaşayan Türk halklarının tarihine farklı gelişmeler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Sovyetler Birliği döneminde ideolojik baskıya rağmen yapılan farklı çalışmaları ve araştırmalar sorgulanmaya başlanmıştır. Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti’nin modern gelişim döneminde, 1920-1930'lu yıllardaki ulusal tarihine araştırmacıların ilgisi artmıştır. Bu tamamen doğal bir olgudur, çünkü bu süre zarfında Sovyet toplumunun temelleri atılmıştır. Yeniden yapılanma politikası kamu bilincinde bir dünya görüşü darbesi yaparak tarih bilimini Komünist rejimin ideolojik etkilerinden ve şablonlarından kurtarmıştır.
Kazakistan Cumhuriyeti’ndeki modern tarihsel durumun bir özelliği, ülkenin tarihsel gelişiminin önemli olaylarını kapsayan iki bilimsel yönün varlığıdır. Her iki akımın ana konuları, Kazakistan'ın Rusya'ya girişi, Kazakların Ulusal Kurtuluş hareketleri, Rus sömürge etkileri ve Sovyet döneminde Sovyet hükümetinin politikalarına katılma sorunları olmuştur. Bu yönlerden birinin bir parçası olarak, XX. yy’ın başlarında 1920-1930'lu yıllardaki “En Büyük Zülüm Yılları” erken Sovyet kavramı sayılmaktadır. Sovyet döneminin “En Büyük Zülüm Yılları” Sovyet İktidarı’nın Kazak geleneksel ekonomisinin sosyo-ekonomik formlarını zayıflatma ve ulusal kültürünü yok etme politikasını uyguladığı yıllardır. Bu yön, kazak halkının "tarihsel rolünü küçümsemek" için bazı "tarihsel adaletsizlik" ile ilişkili aşırı önyargıyı karakterize etmektedir. Bu aşırı duygusal yüklü yaklaşım, sosyal ilişkiler ve göçebe yaşamı Kazakistan'ın tüm sömürge öncesi dönemini bir bütün olarak yansıtan çok sayıdaki eserlerin ortaya çıkmasıyla ilişkilidir. Makalede, Stalin'in yönetimi yıllarında Sovyet gücünün Kazakistan'daki tüm geleneksel yapısın kaldırılması, Kazak halkının geleneksel ekonomisinin sosyo-ekonomik biçimlerini zayıflatmak için önlemler, Sovyetler Birliği'nin kolektifleştirme, müsadere politikası ve kollektifleştirme politikasına karşı halk protestosu hususların kapsamaktadır. Zorla kollektifleştirmenin geniş ölçekli planı sadece Kazakistan'daki hayvan çiftliklerinde ekonomik krize yol açmakla kalmadı, aynı zamanda Kazakistan'da sosyo-demografik sonuçlara da yol açmıştır. Bu çalışma, Sovyet kaynaklarından elde edilen tarihsel verilere dayanmaktadır.

Keywords

Sovyetler Birligi, Kazakistan, Kolektifleştirme, Stalin, açlık, müsadere, halk protestoları, baskı

References

• REFERENCES
• 1. Abdraimov, I.N. Bukhonova, E.M. Gribanova, N.R. Zhagiparov, V.P. Osipov/, Almaty: Kazakh University, p. 171,140-141,157 2. Abdraimov, S. (1991) "How the Hunger in Kazakhstan: Letters of Suffering Years", / Ed. S. 3. Aldazhumanov ,K., (1998). “ Peasant resistance movement”, Peoples deported to Kazakhstan: time and fate, Arys-Kazakhstan, Almaty. p.66. 4. Aldazhumanov, K. ve Abylkhozhin, J. (1992). “ Ethnocid”, Egemen Kazakhstan Newspaper, No. 1, May 30. p. 1 5. Aldazhumanov, K.(2019) “ The famine is the greatest tragedy in human history”, "Ana Tili" newspaper, No. 22, May 30. 6. Aldazhumanov, K.S. (2013) “ The famine of 1931-1933 in Kazakhstan: problems of history and methodology. History of Kazakhstan: Innovative concepts and periodization as a priority of scientific knowledge”, Materials of the international scientific-practical conference. TEI., Book I, Almaty. p. 94-101. p. 9-10. 7. Alekseenko, A.N. (1993) The population of Kazakhstan. 1920-1990, “Almaty” Publishing House, Almaty. p.125 8. Ayagan, B. (2012) The Truth of the Famine of 1932-1933, /Ed.Institute of State History Press, Litera M, Almaty. p.151. 9. Ayagan, B., (2012). "Hunger in Kazakhstan: The Tragedy Of The People And The Lessons Of History", Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference May 31 - June 1, / Ed. B. Ayagan/, Institute of State History Press, Astana. p. 142 10. Cameron, S.(2018) «The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Mass Violence and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan», Cornell University Press, The Wall Street Journal, November 16. 11. Collectivization and dispossession, (2000) “State Archive of the Russian Federation. Fund 9414. Inventory-1, Case-1944, List-17-25. Copy”, The tragedy of the Soviet village, Documents and Materials, Volume 2, November 1929 - December 1930, ROSSPEN, Moscow. p.163-167. 12. CPSS Resolutions, (1970) “About the Directive on the Presence of Piagetetnego Plana Narodnogo Hozyaystva. Resolution HU Congress VKP (B)”, CPSS Resolutions, Volume 4, Moscow. pp. 31-51,212 13. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Councils of People's Commissars, (1943) "Collection of Legalizations and Orders of the Board For 1920. Management of the Sovnarkom of the USSR", Article No. 359. On the formation of the Autonomous Kyrgyz Socialist Soviet Republic, Moscow. pp. 529-531. 14. Documentation Center for the Recent History of East Kazakhstan Oblast. Fund 200. Inventory. 1. Case. 523. Sheet. 112. 15. Documentation Center for the Recent History of East Kazakhstan Oblast. Fund. 200. Inventory. 1. Case. 523. Sheet. p.113-114. 16. Founding Congress of Soviets of the KASSR, (1936) "Founding Congress of Soviets of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", Alma-Ata: Kazakh Regional Publishing Press, p.128. 17. History of Kazakhstan. Documents and materials (1917–2012), (2017). No. 30. Report of N. Nurmakov at the IV session of the KazTsIK, “On the results of confiscation of Kyzyl-Orda on December 20, 1928”, Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty. p.75 18. In the fraternal unity of the peoples of the USSR, (1972) Alma-Ata, p.276-278. 19. İnv. Folder No. 1040 “National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan”, Institute of History and Ethnology Manuscript Fund, İnv. Folder No. 1040, 15. 20. Izmozik, V. (2009) “The true history of the RSDLP - RKPb - VKPb: without defaults and falsifications”, Piter Publishing House. p. 427. 21. Kondrashin, V. (2011) “Hunger in the USSR. 1929-1934: In 3 vol. Volume 1: 1929 - July 1932”, Russia. XX century. Documents In 2 book. Prince 1. /Resp. compiled by V.V. Kondrashin/, Moscow. p.220-227. 22. Kondrashin, V. (2011) “Hunger in the USSR. 1929-1934: In 3 vol. Volume 1: 1929 - July 1932”, Russia. XX century. Documents In 2 book. Prince 1. /Resp. compiled by V.V. Kondrashin/, Moscow. p. 333-337. 23. Kondrashin, V. (2011) “Hunger in the USSR. 1929-1934: In 3 vol. Volume 1: 1929 - July 1932”, Russia. XX century. Documents In 2 book. Prince 1. /Resp. compiled by V.V. Kondrashin/, Moscow. p.338. 24. Koygeldiev, M.ve Omarbekov,T. (1993) What does history teaching say?, "Mother tongue", Almaty. p. 208. 25. Kozybaev ,M.K., Abylkhozhin, Zh.B.ve Aldazhumanov K.S, (1992). Collectivization in Kazakhstan: The Tragedy of The Peasantry, Alma-Ata. p.35. 26. Lenin, V.(1918) Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy, Volume 35, p. 111. 27. Omarbekov, T.(1994) "Deprivation and collectivization of Kazakh farmers from private farms: history and lessons learned", Abstract of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Almaty. p. 35. 28. Omarbekov, T.(2003)."Actual problems of the history of Kazakhstan in the XX century", "Oner", Almaty. p.239. 29. Politburo and peasantry, (2005) A typewritten original on the cipher telegram form of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, Foundation. 3. Inventory. 30. Case. 194. Sheet. 107.// Politburo and peasantry: Expulsion, special settlement. 1930-1940 Book I. Moscow. ROSSPEN, p. 284-285. 30. Published in No. 10 , 1936. O Pereimenovanii Auliye-Atinskogo Rayona Kazakhskoy ASSR v Mirzoyanovskiy Rayon, Goroda i Stantsii Auliye-Ata v Gorod iStantsiyu Mirzoyan. Published in No. 10 Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 12. 31. Recent history of Kazakhstan, (1917-1939). (1998) Recent history of Kazakhstan: Collection of documents and materials (1917-1939), Volume 1. Almaty. p. 304. 32. Rudnitsky, A.B. (2013) “Savchuk Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine in demographic dimension in the collection of Famine in Ukraine in the first half of the twentieth century: causes and effects (1921-1923, 1932-1933, 1946-1947)”, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference . Kyiv, November 20-21, 2013. 33. Sarkenova, K. (2011) “1920-1930 jıldardağı Qazaqstan xalqı”, Population of Kazakhstan 1920-1930, Research, Almaty, p.91 34. Stalin, I. (1931) “O zadachakh khozyaystvennikov. Speech at the 1st All-Union Conference of Workers of Socialist Industry”, Pravda, No. 35,February 5. 35. Stalin, I. (1949) “Sochineniya”, State Publishing House of Political Literature, Volume. 12, Moscow. p. 141-172. 36. Stalin, I. (1952) “Political Report of the Central Committee to the XIV Congress of the CPSU (B.). Dec 18 1925”, Stalin I.V. Sochineniya, State Publishing of Political Literature, Volume 7, Moscow. p. 261-352. 37. Tatimov, M. (1993), Kazakh World - How much is the Kazakh ?, Atamura Publishing House, Almaty. p.17. 38. Tursunbaev, A. (1967) “Collectivization of Agriculture in Kazakhstan (1926 - June 1941): Documents and Materials”, / Ed. A. B. Tursunbaev/, Volume 1, Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata. p. 459-466. 39. VKP (b) VI Plenum of the Kazakh Committee, ( 1936) VKP (b) VI Plenum of the Kazakh Committee, Alma-Ata. p.155.