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Ekonomik ve sosyal faktörlerin doğum sayıları üzerindeki etkisi: Panel veri yaklaşımı

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 92 - 102, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.58308/bemarej.1646092

Abstract

1990-2023 yılları arasında Türkiye'deki illere ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak, doğum sayısı ile kentleşme oranı, girişimci sayısı ve yükseköğretim mezun sayısı arasındaki ilişkiler Ortak Bağlılaşımlı Etki (CCE) yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Veriler TÜİK'ten temin edilmiş olup, CCE yöntemi heterojen ve yatay kesit bağımlılığı içeren panel veri setlerinde güvenilir tahminler sunmaktadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, kentleşme oranının doğum sayısını artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgu, kentleşmenin doğurganlık üzerindeki etkisinin her zaman azaltıcı olmayabileceğini göstermektedir. Buna karşılık, girişimci sayısındaki artışın doğum sayısını azalttığı belirlenmiştir. Girişimcilik, bireylerin ekonomik ve mesleki hedeflerine odaklanmasına neden olarak çocuk sahibi olma kararlarını erteleyebilmektedir. Benzer şekilde, yükseköğretim mezun sayısındaki artış da doğum sayısını azaltmaktadır. Eğitim seviyesinin yükselmesi, çocuk sahibi olma yaşını geciktirebilmekte ve doğurganlık oranlarını düşürebilmektedir. Kentleşme, girişimcilik ve eğitim düzeyinin doğum sayısı üzerindeki farklı etkileri, demografik politikaların oluşturulmasında dikkate alınması gereken önemli unsurlardır. Nüfus artışını teşvik eden politikaların, kentleşme süreçleriyle uyumlu hale getirilmesi ve girişimcilik ile eğitim politikalarının doğurganlık üzerindeki etkilerinin dengelenmesi önemlidir.

References

  • Adsera, A. (2011). The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe. Demographic research, 25(16), 513.
  • Ağır, H., & Türkmen, S. (2020). Ekonomik büyümeye etkisi bakımından doğal kaynaklar: dinamik panel veri analizi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(3), 840-852.
  • Becker, G. S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility. In Demographic and economic change in developed countries (pp. 209-240). Columbia University Press.
  • Becker, G. S. (1992). Fertility and the economy. Journal of Population Economics, 5(3), 185-201.
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G., & Finlay, J. E. (2009). Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend. Journal of Economic growth, 14, 79-101.
  • Bongaarts, J. (2001). Fertility and reproductive preferences in post-transitional societies. Population and development review, 27, 260-281.
  • Demir, O. (2016). Nüfus Politikalari ve Çin, Fransa ve Türkiye Örneklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Social Sciences, 11(1), 41-61.
  • Comolli, C. L. (2017). The fertility response to the Great Recession in Europe and the United States: Structural economic conditions and perceived economic uncertainty. Demographic research, 36, 1549-1600.
  • Comolli, C. L., & Vignoli, D. (2021). Spreading uncertainty, shrinking birth rates: A natural experiment for Italy. European Sociological Review, 37(4), 555-570.
  • Del Boca, D. (2002). Low fertility and labour force participation of Italian women: Evidence and interpretation (OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers, No. 61). Billancourt, France: OECD.
  • Dyson, T. (2011). The role of the demographic transition in the process of urbanization. Population and development review, 37, 34-54.
  • Eroğlu, K., Koruk, F., Koruk, İ., Çelik, K., Güner, P., & Kiliçli, A. (2021). Women’s reproductive behaviour and perspectives on fertility, and their modifying factors, in a Turkish province with a high fertility rate. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 26(2), 139-147.
  • Keskin, F., & Çavlin, A. (2023). Cohort fertility heterogeneity during the fertility decline period in Turkey. Journal of biosocial science, 55(4), 779-794.
  • Kravdal, Ø. (2002). Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: Individual and community effects. Demography, 39, 233-250.
  • Küçükaksoy, İ., & Akalın, G. (2017). Fisher hipotezinin panel veri analizi ile test edilmesi: OECD ülkeleri uygulaması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1), 19-40.
  • Lutz, W., & Skirbekk, V. (2013). How education drives demography and knowledge informs projections. World population & human capital in the twenty‐first century: An overview, 14-38.
  • Martin, T. C. (1995). Women's education and fertility: results from 26 Demographic and Health Surveys. Studies in family planning, 187-202.
  • Matysiak, A., & Vignoli, D. (2013). Diverse effects of women’s employment on fertility: Insights from Italy and Poland: Diverses conséquences de l’emploi des femmes sur la fécondité: Quelques informations à partir des cas de L’italie et de la Pologne. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie, 29, 273-302.
  • McDonald, P. (2006). Low fertility and the state: The efficacy of policy. Population and development review, 485-510.
  • Morgan, S. P., & Taylor, M. G. (2006). Low fertility at the turn of the twenty-first century. Annu. Rev. Sociol., 32(1), 375-399.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Shapiro, D., & Tambashe, O. (1999). Fertility transition in urban and rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University. Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). (2024). Birth statistics by province, annual data (2010–2023) [Data set]. https://veri.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, M. (2024a). 21. Yüzyılda Ağrı İlinde Demografik Yapının Değişimi. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences/Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3).
  • Yılmaz, M. (2024b). TRC1, TRC2 ve TRC3 Düzey-2 Bölgelerinde 2007-2023 Yılları Arasında Nüfusun Gelişimi ve Bu Gelişimi Etkileyen Faktörlerin Değişimi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 29(51), 78-89.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of applied econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
  • Zeman, K., Beaujouan, É., Brzozowska, Z., & Sobotka, T. (2018). Cohort fertility decline in low fertility countries: Decomposition using parity progression ratios. Demographic research, 38, 651-690.

The impact of economic and social factors on birth numbers: A panel data approach

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 92 - 102, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.58308/bemarej.1646092

Abstract

This study examines the impact of urbanization, entrepreneurship, and education on the number of births across Turkish provinces from 2010 to 2023. Utilizing annual provincial-level data and applying the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) estimator to account for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity, the analysis yields insightful findings. Results show that an increase in the urbanization rate contributes to a rise in the number of births, challenging the conventional view that urban living suppresses fertility. In contrast, a higher number of entrepreneurs and an increase in university graduates are both associated with a decline in birth rates. These findings suggest that individuals engaged in entrepreneurship or higher education may prioritize career and economic goals over family formation, leading to delayed or reduced fertility. The divergent effects of these variables underscore the need for nuanced demographic policies that support fertility while also accounting for socioeconomic transformations such as urban growth, entrepreneurial activity, and educational attainment.

References

  • Adsera, A. (2011). The interplay of employment uncertainty and education in explaining second births in Europe. Demographic research, 25(16), 513.
  • Ağır, H., & Türkmen, S. (2020). Ekonomik büyümeye etkisi bakımından doğal kaynaklar: dinamik panel veri analizi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(3), 840-852.
  • Becker, G. S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility. In Demographic and economic change in developed countries (pp. 209-240). Columbia University Press.
  • Becker, G. S. (1992). Fertility and the economy. Journal of Population Economics, 5(3), 185-201.
  • Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G., & Finlay, J. E. (2009). Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend. Journal of Economic growth, 14, 79-101.
  • Bongaarts, J. (2001). Fertility and reproductive preferences in post-transitional societies. Population and development review, 27, 260-281.
  • Demir, O. (2016). Nüfus Politikalari ve Çin, Fransa ve Türkiye Örneklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Social Sciences, 11(1), 41-61.
  • Comolli, C. L. (2017). The fertility response to the Great Recession in Europe and the United States: Structural economic conditions and perceived economic uncertainty. Demographic research, 36, 1549-1600.
  • Comolli, C. L., & Vignoli, D. (2021). Spreading uncertainty, shrinking birth rates: A natural experiment for Italy. European Sociological Review, 37(4), 555-570.
  • Del Boca, D. (2002). Low fertility and labour force participation of Italian women: Evidence and interpretation (OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers, No. 61). Billancourt, France: OECD.
  • Dyson, T. (2011). The role of the demographic transition in the process of urbanization. Population and development review, 37, 34-54.
  • Eroğlu, K., Koruk, F., Koruk, İ., Çelik, K., Güner, P., & Kiliçli, A. (2021). Women’s reproductive behaviour and perspectives on fertility, and their modifying factors, in a Turkish province with a high fertility rate. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 26(2), 139-147.
  • Keskin, F., & Çavlin, A. (2023). Cohort fertility heterogeneity during the fertility decline period in Turkey. Journal of biosocial science, 55(4), 779-794.
  • Kravdal, Ø. (2002). Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: Individual and community effects. Demography, 39, 233-250.
  • Küçükaksoy, İ., & Akalın, G. (2017). Fisher hipotezinin panel veri analizi ile test edilmesi: OECD ülkeleri uygulaması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1), 19-40.
  • Lutz, W., & Skirbekk, V. (2013). How education drives demography and knowledge informs projections. World population & human capital in the twenty‐first century: An overview, 14-38.
  • Martin, T. C. (1995). Women's education and fertility: results from 26 Demographic and Health Surveys. Studies in family planning, 187-202.
  • Matysiak, A., & Vignoli, D. (2013). Diverse effects of women’s employment on fertility: Insights from Italy and Poland: Diverses conséquences de l’emploi des femmes sur la fécondité: Quelques informations à partir des cas de L’italie et de la Pologne. European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie, 29, 273-302.
  • McDonald, P. (2006). Low fertility and the state: The efficacy of policy. Population and development review, 485-510.
  • Morgan, S. P., & Taylor, M. G. (2006). Low fertility at the turn of the twenty-first century. Annu. Rev. Sociol., 32(1), 375-399.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Shapiro, D., & Tambashe, O. (1999). Fertility transition in urban and rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University. Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). (2024). Birth statistics by province, annual data (2010–2023) [Data set]. https://veri.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, M. (2024a). 21. Yüzyılda Ağrı İlinde Demografik Yapının Değişimi. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences/Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3).
  • Yılmaz, M. (2024b). TRC1, TRC2 ve TRC3 Düzey-2 Bölgelerinde 2007-2023 Yılları Arasında Nüfusun Gelişimi ve Bu Gelişimi Etkileyen Faktörlerin Değişimi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 29(51), 78-89.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of applied econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
  • Zeman, K., Beaujouan, É., Brzozowska, Z., & Sobotka, T. (2018). Cohort fertility decline in low fertility countries: Decomposition using parity progression ratios. Demographic research, 38, 651-690.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ufuk Işik 0000-0002-2097-1627

Publication Date July 31, 2025
Submission Date February 24, 2025
Acceptance Date July 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Işik, U. (2025). The impact of economic and social factors on birth numbers: A panel data approach. Business Economics and Management Research Journal, 8(2), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.58308/bemarej.1646092

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