Research Article
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DIŞ YARDIMLARIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: AFGANİSTAN ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 20 - 39, 31.12.2023

Abstract

19.yüzyıldan günümüze çeşitli ülke ve ekonomik organizasyonlardan dış yardım alan Afganistan küresel ekonomide dış yardımlara bağımlı bir ülke olarak konumlanmaktadır. Dış yardımın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki literatürde farklı ülke ve ülke grupları için çeşitli yöntemlerle araştırılmasına karşılık Afganistan ekonomisi özelinde yürütülen çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada 1970-2020 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde Afganistan ekonomisinde dış yardımların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi Johansen ve Phillips-Ourialis eşbütünleşme testleri, vektör hata düzeltme modeli (VECM) ve Granger nedensellik test yöntemleriyle araştırılmıştır. Eşbütünleşme test sonuçları dış yardım ve ekonomik büyüme arasında uzun dönemde eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olduğunu, başka bir söylemle dış yardım ve ekonomik büyüme serilerinin uzun dönemde birlikte hareket ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. VECM model sonuçlarına göre ise uzun dönemde dış yardımda meydana gelen yüzde birlik bir değişimin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde %1.04’lük bir artışa neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. VECM model sonuçları üzerinden modelin denge yakınsama kabiliyeti değerlendirildiğinde uzun dönemde ekonomik büyümede meydana gelen dengeden sapmaların dış yardım tarafından düzeltildiği bulunmuştur. Öte yandan dış yardımda meydana gelen dengesizliklerin ekonomik büyüme tarafından düzeltilmediği aksine büyümenin dengesizliği artırma eğiliminde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Dış yardım ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin araştırıldığı Granger nedensellik test sonuçları ise dış yardımdan ekonomik büyümeye doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

References

  • Abate,C. A.& Papavassiliou,V.(2022). The Relationship Between Aid And Economic Growth of Developing Countries: Does Institutional Quality and Economic Freedom Matter?. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1).
  • Adebayo, T.& Awosusi, A. A.&Ajayi, T. (2020), Dynamic Aid-Growth Relationship in Nigeria: A Two-Gap Approach. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (XII),1-17.
  • Appiah-Konadu, A.P.& & Shitsi, F. & Abokyi, E. & Twerefou, D. K. (2016). The Effect of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Ghana. African Journal of Economic Review, 4, 248-261.
  • Asteriou, D. (2009). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: New Evidence From A Panel Data Approach For Five South Asian Countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(1), 155–161.
  • Bailliu, J. (2000). Private Capital Flows, Financial Development and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Bank of Canada Working Paper, No.15. Barfield, T. (2021). Afganistan: Politik ve Kültürel Bir Tarih. Çev. Burhan Yüksekkaş, İstanbul, Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları, 1.Basım. Bierens,H.J.(2003). Unit Roots. A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics. Bölüm:29, Editör: Baltagi,B.,UK, Blackwell Publishing, 1. Basım
  • Bilgili,F.(1998). Stationarity And Cointegration Tests: Comparison of Engle -Granger and Johansen Methodologies. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi,13(),131-141.
  • Brautigam, D. A. & Knack, S. (2004). Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(2), 255–285.
  • Burnside, C. & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, Policies and Growth. American Economic Review, 90(), 847-868.
  • Çevik,S.& Amanat,A.(2021). The Impact of International Aid on Economic Growth of Afghanistan. EUL Journal of Social Sciences,11(2),99-114.
  • Chatterjee, S. &Turnovsky,S.J.(2007). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: The Role of Flexible Labor Supply.Journal of Development Economics,84(1),507-533.
  • Deniz, M.&Haidar,Z.G.(2019). The Effects of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Afghanistan (2001-2015). İktisat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Journal of Research in Economics, 3(2),110-138.
  • Dikmen,N.(2009).Ekonometri: Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar. Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım,1. Baskı.
  • Dolado, J.J.&Gonzalo, J.&Marmol,F.(2003). Cointegration. A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics, Bölüm:30, Editör: Baltagi,B.,UK, Blackwell Publishing, 1. Basım
  • Dowling, J.M. & Hiemenz, U. (1983) Aid, Savings and Growth in the Asian Region. The Developing Economies, 21, 3-13.
  • Durbarry, R.& Gemmell, N.& Greenaway, D. (1998). New Evidence on the Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth. CREDIT Research Paper, No. 98/8, The University of Nottingham, Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade (CREDIT), Nottingham
  • Easterly,W.(2003). Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth?.Journal of Economic Perspectives,17(3).23-48.
  • Farahmand,M.A.(2021). The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal of Economic Policy Researches,8(2),141-154.
  • Fasanya, I. O. & Onakoya, A. B. (2012). Does Foreign Aid Accelerate Economic Growth? An Empirical Analysis For Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(4), 423–431.
  • Fayissa, B.&El-Kaissy,M.(1999). Foreign Aid And The Economic Growth of Developing Countries (LDCs): Further Evidence. Studies in Comparative International Development, 34, 37–50.
  • Feeny,S.(2007). The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Papua New Guinea.The Journal of Development Studies,41(6),1092-1117.
  • Feeny, S. & McGillivray, M. (2010). Aid and Growth in Small Island Developing States. Journal of Development Studies, 46(5), 897–917.
  • Griffin, K.B.&Enos,J.L.(1970). Foreign Assistance: Objectives and Consequences. Economic Development and Cultural Change,18(3),313-327.
  • Gujarati, D. & Porter, D.C. (2018). Temel Ekonometri. Şenesen Ü. ve G.G Şenesen,Çev.), İstanbul, Literatür Yayıncılık, 5.Basım.
  • Hatemi-J,A. & Irandoust,M.(2005). Foreign Aid And Economic Growth: New Evidence From Panel Cointegration. Journal Of Economic Development,30(1),71-80.
  • Islam, A. M. (1992). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: An Econometric Study of Bangladesh. Applied Economics, 24, 41–44.
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59, 1551-1580.
  • Johansen S.(1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,12(),231-254.
  • Knack, S. (2001). Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance: Cross-Country Empirical Tests. Southern Economic Journal, 68(2), 310–329.
  • Karimi, M.&Anwar, S.&Ali,U.(2021). Determinants of Economic Growth in Afghanistan: A Time Series Approach. Kardan Journal of Economics and Management Sciences ,4(2),82–97.
  • Kormendi, R.C.&Meguire,P.&Levy,V.(1988). Aid, Investment and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Working Paper No.560,University of Michigan.
  • Knoema, World Data Atlas /Afghanistan /GDP. Erişim Adresi: https://knoema.com/atlas/Afghanistan?mode=amp, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 2022 Kubar, Y.&Toprak,Y.(2021). Bitcoin ve Altcoin’ler Arasındaki İlişkinin Granger Nedensellik Testi ile Analizi. JOEEP,6(1),233-247.
  • Lensink, R., & Morrissey, O. (2000). Aid Instability as a Measure of Uncertainty and the Positive Impact of Aid on Growth. Journal of Development Studies, 36(3), 31–49.
  • Mbaku,J.M.(1993). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Cameroon. Applied Economics, 25(10), 1309–1314. Mosley,P.(1980). Aid, Savings, and Growth Revisited. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 42, 79-95.
  • Niyonkuru,F.(2016). Failure of Foreign Aid in Developing Countries: A Quest for Alternatives .Business and Economics Journal,7(3),1-9.
  • OECD.Stat (2022). Aid(ODA) Disbursements to Countries and Regions (DAC2a).Erişim Adresi: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=Table2A , Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 2022 Qian, N. (2015). Making Progress on Foreign Aid. Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 277–308.
  • Papanek, G.F. (1973). The Effect of Aid And Other Resource Transfers on Savings And Growth in Less Developed Countries. Economic Journal, 82(327), 935–950.
  • Phillips, P.C.B.&Ouliaris,S.(1990). Asymptotic Properties of Residual Based Tests for Cointegration..Econonetrica,58(1),165-193.
  • Radalet,S.(2007). A Primer on Foreign Aid. Center for Global Working Paper,No:92.
  • Rath, B.N.&Akram,V.(2021). Popularity of Unit Root Tests: A Review. Asian Economics Letters, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.46557/001c.24141.
  • Sothan, S. (2017). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth:Evidence from Cambodia.The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development,27(2).
  • The World Bank (2022). Net Official Development Assistance and Official Aid Received (Current US$) – Afghanistan. Erişim Adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 2022.
  • Tang, K.B.&Bundhoo,T.(2017). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.Theoritical Economic Letters,7(5).
  • Tarp, F.&Robinson,S.(2000). Foreign Aid and Development: Summary and Synthesis. http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415233637/
  • Taşar, İ. (2016). İçsel Büyüme Teorileri ve Türkiye Uygulamaları. Konya: Çizgi Yayınevi, 1. Basım.
  • Villanthenkodath, M.A.&Mushtaq, U.(2021). Modelling the Nexus Between Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: A Case of Afghanistan and Egypt.Studies of Applied Economics,39(2).
  • Yılancı,V.(2009). Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Türkı̇ye İçı̇n İşsı̇zlı̇k Hı̇sterı̇sı̇nı̇n Sınanması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi,10(2),ss.324-335.
Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 20 - 39, 31.12.2023

Abstract

References

  • Abate,C. A.& Papavassiliou,V.(2022). The Relationship Between Aid And Economic Growth of Developing Countries: Does Institutional Quality and Economic Freedom Matter?. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1).
  • Adebayo, T.& Awosusi, A. A.&Ajayi, T. (2020), Dynamic Aid-Growth Relationship in Nigeria: A Two-Gap Approach. LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (XII),1-17.
  • Appiah-Konadu, A.P.& & Shitsi, F. & Abokyi, E. & Twerefou, D. K. (2016). The Effect of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Ghana. African Journal of Economic Review, 4, 248-261.
  • Asteriou, D. (2009). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: New Evidence From A Panel Data Approach For Five South Asian Countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(1), 155–161.
  • Bailliu, J. (2000). Private Capital Flows, Financial Development and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Bank of Canada Working Paper, No.15. Barfield, T. (2021). Afganistan: Politik ve Kültürel Bir Tarih. Çev. Burhan Yüksekkaş, İstanbul, Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları, 1.Basım. Bierens,H.J.(2003). Unit Roots. A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics. Bölüm:29, Editör: Baltagi,B.,UK, Blackwell Publishing, 1. Basım
  • Bilgili,F.(1998). Stationarity And Cointegration Tests: Comparison of Engle -Granger and Johansen Methodologies. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi,13(),131-141.
  • Brautigam, D. A. & Knack, S. (2004). Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(2), 255–285.
  • Burnside, C. & Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, Policies and Growth. American Economic Review, 90(), 847-868.
  • Çevik,S.& Amanat,A.(2021). The Impact of International Aid on Economic Growth of Afghanistan. EUL Journal of Social Sciences,11(2),99-114.
  • Chatterjee, S. &Turnovsky,S.J.(2007). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: The Role of Flexible Labor Supply.Journal of Development Economics,84(1),507-533.
  • Deniz, M.&Haidar,Z.G.(2019). The Effects of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Afghanistan (2001-2015). İktisat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Journal of Research in Economics, 3(2),110-138.
  • Dikmen,N.(2009).Ekonometri: Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar. Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım,1. Baskı.
  • Dolado, J.J.&Gonzalo, J.&Marmol,F.(2003). Cointegration. A Companion to Theoretical Econometrics, Bölüm:30, Editör: Baltagi,B.,UK, Blackwell Publishing, 1. Basım
  • Dowling, J.M. & Hiemenz, U. (1983) Aid, Savings and Growth in the Asian Region. The Developing Economies, 21, 3-13.
  • Durbarry, R.& Gemmell, N.& Greenaway, D. (1998). New Evidence on the Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth. CREDIT Research Paper, No. 98/8, The University of Nottingham, Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade (CREDIT), Nottingham
  • Easterly,W.(2003). Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth?.Journal of Economic Perspectives,17(3).23-48.
  • Farahmand,M.A.(2021). The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Foreign Aid: The Case of Afghanistan. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal of Economic Policy Researches,8(2),141-154.
  • Fasanya, I. O. & Onakoya, A. B. (2012). Does Foreign Aid Accelerate Economic Growth? An Empirical Analysis For Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(4), 423–431.
  • Fayissa, B.&El-Kaissy,M.(1999). Foreign Aid And The Economic Growth of Developing Countries (LDCs): Further Evidence. Studies in Comparative International Development, 34, 37–50.
  • Feeny,S.(2007). The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Papua New Guinea.The Journal of Development Studies,41(6),1092-1117.
  • Feeny, S. & McGillivray, M. (2010). Aid and Growth in Small Island Developing States. Journal of Development Studies, 46(5), 897–917.
  • Griffin, K.B.&Enos,J.L.(1970). Foreign Assistance: Objectives and Consequences. Economic Development and Cultural Change,18(3),313-327.
  • Gujarati, D. & Porter, D.C. (2018). Temel Ekonometri. Şenesen Ü. ve G.G Şenesen,Çev.), İstanbul, Literatür Yayıncılık, 5.Basım.
  • Hatemi-J,A. & Irandoust,M.(2005). Foreign Aid And Economic Growth: New Evidence From Panel Cointegration. Journal Of Economic Development,30(1),71-80.
  • Islam, A. M. (1992). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: An Econometric Study of Bangladesh. Applied Economics, 24, 41–44.
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica, 59, 1551-1580.
  • Johansen S.(1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,12(),231-254.
  • Knack, S. (2001). Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance: Cross-Country Empirical Tests. Southern Economic Journal, 68(2), 310–329.
  • Karimi, M.&Anwar, S.&Ali,U.(2021). Determinants of Economic Growth in Afghanistan: A Time Series Approach. Kardan Journal of Economics and Management Sciences ,4(2),82–97.
  • Kormendi, R.C.&Meguire,P.&Levy,V.(1988). Aid, Investment and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Working Paper No.560,University of Michigan.
  • Knoema, World Data Atlas /Afghanistan /GDP. Erişim Adresi: https://knoema.com/atlas/Afghanistan?mode=amp, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 2022 Kubar, Y.&Toprak,Y.(2021). Bitcoin ve Altcoin’ler Arasındaki İlişkinin Granger Nedensellik Testi ile Analizi. JOEEP,6(1),233-247.
  • Lensink, R., & Morrissey, O. (2000). Aid Instability as a Measure of Uncertainty and the Positive Impact of Aid on Growth. Journal of Development Studies, 36(3), 31–49.
  • Mbaku,J.M.(1993). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Cameroon. Applied Economics, 25(10), 1309–1314. Mosley,P.(1980). Aid, Savings, and Growth Revisited. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 42, 79-95.
  • Niyonkuru,F.(2016). Failure of Foreign Aid in Developing Countries: A Quest for Alternatives .Business and Economics Journal,7(3),1-9.
  • OECD.Stat (2022). Aid(ODA) Disbursements to Countries and Regions (DAC2a).Erişim Adresi: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=Table2A , Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 2022 Qian, N. (2015). Making Progress on Foreign Aid. Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 277–308.
  • Papanek, G.F. (1973). The Effect of Aid And Other Resource Transfers on Savings And Growth in Less Developed Countries. Economic Journal, 82(327), 935–950.
  • Phillips, P.C.B.&Ouliaris,S.(1990). Asymptotic Properties of Residual Based Tests for Cointegration..Econonetrica,58(1),165-193.
  • Radalet,S.(2007). A Primer on Foreign Aid. Center for Global Working Paper,No:92.
  • Rath, B.N.&Akram,V.(2021). Popularity of Unit Root Tests: A Review. Asian Economics Letters, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.46557/001c.24141.
  • Sothan, S. (2017). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth:Evidence from Cambodia.The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development,27(2).
  • The World Bank (2022). Net Official Development Assistance and Official Aid Received (Current US$) – Afghanistan. Erişim Adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 2022.
  • Tang, K.B.&Bundhoo,T.(2017). Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.Theoritical Economic Letters,7(5).
  • Tarp, F.&Robinson,S.(2000). Foreign Aid and Development: Summary and Synthesis. http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415233637/
  • Taşar, İ. (2016). İçsel Büyüme Teorileri ve Türkiye Uygulamaları. Konya: Çizgi Yayınevi, 1. Basım.
  • Villanthenkodath, M.A.&Mushtaq, U.(2021). Modelling the Nexus Between Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: A Case of Afghanistan and Egypt.Studies of Applied Economics,39(2).
  • Yılancı,V.(2009). Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Türkı̇ye İçı̇n İşsı̇zlı̇k Hı̇sterı̇sı̇nı̇n Sınanması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi,10(2),ss.324-335.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Growth
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hakan Kaya 0000-0002-9084-6987

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date November 20, 2023
Acceptance Date December 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kaya, H. (2023). DIŞ YARDIMLARIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: AFGANİSTAN ÖRNEĞİ. Bitlis Eren Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(2), 20-39.

Bitlis Eren Journal of Social Research is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Non-Derivative 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).