Spor Yöneticilerinin Duygusal Emek ve Algılanan Stres Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 117 - 129, 24.10.2025

Necati Gürses , Erdinç Şıktar

https://doi.org/10.55929/besad.1646137

Abstract

Bu araştırmada spor yöneticilerinin duygusal emek düzeyleri ile algıladıkları stres arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışma grubu, 2019-2020 basketbol sezonunda görev yapan 225 spor yöneticisinden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama sürecinde Basım ve Beğenirbaş tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan Duygusal Emek Ölçeği ile Baltaş ve arkadaşlarının (1998) Türkçeye kazandırdığı Algılanan Stres Düzeyi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde parametrik testlerden ANOVA, parametrik olmayan testlerden Kruskal-Wallis H ve Mann-Whitney U testleri uygulanmış; puanlar arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek için Spearman Brown Korelasyon testi tercih edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre spor yöneticilerinin %53,2'si orta düzeyde stres yaşamaktadır. Analizler, erkek yöneticilerin yüzeysel rol yapma puanlarının kadınlara göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Bekâr spor yöneticilerinin duygusal emek düzeyleri ise evli yöneticilerden daha yüksektir. Duygusal emek ile algılanan stres düzeyi arasında düşük düzeyde pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu bulgu, duygusal emek düzeyinin artmasının stres algısında da belirli bir artışa yol açabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Erkek yöneticiler daha sık yüzeysel rol yapma eğilimindeyken, kadın yöneticilerin samimi davranışlar sergileme konusunda daha yüksek puan aldığı görülmüştür.

Keywords

Duygu , Emek , Duygusal Emek , Stres

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırma Atatürk Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Birim Etik Kurulu'nun 12.06.2018 tarihli kararı ile onaylanmıştır.

Investigating the Relationship Between Emotional Labor and Perceived Stress Levels of Professional Sports Managers in Turkish Basketball Leagues

Abstract

In this study, the relationship between emotional labour levels of sport managers and the stress they perceive was examined. The study group consists of 225 sport managers working in the 2019-2020 basketball season. In the data collection process, the Emotional Labour Scale adapted into Turkish by Basım and Beğenirbaş and the Perceived Stress Level Scale introduced into Turkish by Baltaş et al. (1998). In the analysis of the data, ANOVA from parametric tests, Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests from nonparametric tests were applied; Spearman Brown Correlation test was preferred to examine the relationships between the scores. According to the results, 53.2% of the sport managers experience moderate stress. The analyses show that the superficial acting scores of male managers are significantly higher than female managers. Emotional labour levels of single sport managers are higher than married managers. A low level positive and significant relationship was found between emotional labour and perceived stress level. This finding indicates that an increase in emotional labour level may lead to a certain increase in stress perception. While male managers tended to act superficially more often, female managers scored higher on displaying sincere behaviours.

Keywords

Emotion , Labor , Emotional Labor , Stress

Ethical Statement

This research was approved by the decision of Atatürk University Faculty of Sports Sciences Unit Ethics Committee on 12.06.2018.

References

• Acu, S. (2019). Determination of emotional labour behaviour and burnout level of nurses. Master's Thesis, Istanbul Okan University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
• Adeniji, O.,G., Akanni, A., A. & Ekundayo, O., O. (2015). Gender difference in emotional labour among nurses in Osun State, Nigeria. Gender & Behaviour 2015; 13(2): 6789-6794.
• Akpolat, T. (2019). The effects of flexible and job insecure working on research assistants: A review in the context of emotional labour and character erosion. PhD Thesis, Marmara University Institute of Educational Sciences, Istanbul.
• Altın, T.,B. (2018). Investigation of the relationship between emotional labour behaviours of pediatric nurses and their level of child love. Master's Thesis, Celal Bayar University Institute of Health Sciences, Manisa.
• Ashforth, B., E. & Humphrey, R., H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1): 88-115.
• Avcılar Can, M. (2019). Sleep quality and perceived stress level in assistant physicians. Expertise Thesis, Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakır.
• Baltaş, Z., Atakuman, Y., & Duman, Y. (1998). Standardization of the Perceived Stress Scale: Perceived stress in middle managers. Stress and Anxiety Research Society 19 the International Conference. Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, July 10-12
• Basım, N. & Beğenirbaş, M. (2012). Emotional labour in working life: a scale adaptation study. Management and Economics.
• Başpınar Erten, S. (2020). Examination of the relationship between exam anxiety and perceived stress levels of senior high school students. Master's Thesis, İnönü University Institute of Health Sciences, Malatya.
• Beğenirbaş, M. & Turgut, E. (2014). The effects of employees' emotional labour on organisational cynicism in business life: A research in the banking sector. Journal of Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 4(2):223-246
• Bhave, D., P. & Glomb, T., M. (2013). The role of occupational emotional labor requirements on the surface acting–job satisfaction relationship. Journal of Management, 42, 722-741.
• Bilen,N., M. (2018). Investigation of the relationship between compulsory citizenship behaviour and emotional labour: A study on nurses, Master's Thesis, Istanbul University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
• Brotheridge, C., M. & Grandey, A., A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work.” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17–39.
• Büte, E., G. (2019). Emotional labour and alienation relationship: A research in tourism enterprises. Master's Thesis, Ege University Institute of Social Sciences, Izmir.
• Chau, S. L., Dahling, J. J., Levy, P. E. & Diefendorff, J., M. (2009). A predictive study of emotional labor and turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 1151-1163.
• Côté, S. & Morgan, L. M. (2002). A longitudinal analysis of the association between emotion regulation, job satisfaction, and intentions to quit. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 947–962.
• Creswell, J., W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson Education.
• Çiğdem, A. (2020). Nurses' levels of spirituality and spiritual care and emotional labour behaviours. Master's Thesis, Erciyes University Institute of Health Sciences, Kayseri.
• Değirmenci, S. (2010). Nurses' emotional labour behaviour and affecting factors. Master's Thesis, Istanbul University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
• Erickson, R. J. (2005). Why emotion work matters: Sex, gender, and the division of household labor. Journal of Marriage And Family, 67(2), 337-351.
• Fink, G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Stress. Vol 3. 2nded. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.
• Grandey, A.,A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1): 95–110.
• Gülsen, M. (2017). Investigation of the relationship between nurses' emotional labour behaviours and job satisfaction, Master's Thesis, Manisa Celal Bayar University Institute of Health Sciences, Manisa.
• Hargreaves, A. (2000). Mixed emotions: Teachers’ perceptions of their interactions with students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 811-826.
• Havare, G. (2019). The effect of perceived stress level on job satisfaction: a research on nurses working in a public hospital. Master's Thesis, Bahçeşehir University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
• Hennig-Thurau, T., Groth, M., Paul, M. & Gremler, D. D. (2006). Are all smiles created equal? How emotional contagion and emotional labor affect service relationships. Journal of Marketing, 70, 58–73.
• Hochschild, A., R. (1983). The Managed Heart Commercialization of Human Feeling, Berkeley, University of California Press, 7-35.
• Kabahaliloğlu, K. (2019). Investigation of perceived belonging, perceived stress and problem solving skills of health services employees in emergencies and disasters. Master's Thesis, Istanbul Gelisim University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
• Karasar, N. (2015). Scientific research method (28th edition). Ankara: Nobel.
• Kaya, F. (2014). Examining the relationship between emotional labour and job satisfaction: A research on personnel working in nursing homes affiliated to the Ministry of Family and Social Policies.(Unpublished Master's Thesis), Celal Bayar University, Manisa.
• Kırmızıgül, B. (2020). The roles of turnover intention and implicit information sharing on emotional labour among tourism employees. Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 1(2), 6-196.
• Koçyiğit, B. (2019). The relationship between burnout syndrome and perceived stress level in doctors working in private and public hospitals. Master's Thesis, Beykent University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
• Larson, E. B. & Yao, X. (2005). Clinical empathy as emotional labor in the patient-physician relationship. JAMA, 293, 1100-1106.
• Lazarus, R.S., (1993). Coping theory and research: past, present and futural. Psychosomatic Medicine. 55, 234-247
• Morris J. Andrew & Daniel C. Feldman (1996). “The Dimensions, Antecedents and Consequences of Emotional Labor”. Academy of Management Review, 21(4): 986-1010.
• Oğuz, H. & Özkul, M. (2016). A research on sociological factors that direct the emotional labour process: Western Mediterranean application. Süleyman Demirel University Visionary Journal, 7(16), 130-154.
• Önem, Ö. (2018). Examining the effect of emotional labour levels of nurses on job satisfaction. Master's Thesis, Istanbul Medipol University, Institute of Health Sciences Istanbul.
• Özçelik H. (2013). An empirical analysis of surface acting in intra-organisational relationships. Journal of Organisational Behavior. 34, 291-309.
• Özçelik, N., U. (2019). Examining the relationships between emotional labour, job alienation and turnover intention: A research on employees working in tourism enterprises. Master's Thesis, Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
• Özdemir, G., Yalçın, M. & Akbıyık, M. (2013). The effect of emotional labour behaviours on customer relations in service sector: The case of Boyner. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy. 8(3): 301-320.
• Özen, H., Ö. (2013). Levels of being affected by organisational stress according to gender of employees: A research on nurses working in Zonguldak province. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 4(8):71-95.
• Pettit, M., L. & Debarr, K., A. (2011). "Perceived stress, energy drink consumption, and academic performance among college students", Journal of American college health, 59(5): 335-341.
• Rafaeli, A. &Sutton, R. I. (1989). The expression of emotion in organizational life. Research in Organizational Behavior, 11, 1-42.
• Rupp, D. E. & Spencer, S. (2006). When customers lash out: The effects of customer interactional injustice on emotional labor and the mediating role of discrete emotions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 971–978.
• Sahin, S. (2019). Emotional labour behaviours and emotional labour levels of nurses. Master's Thesis, Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
• Serdar, E. & Demirel, M. (2020). The relationship between perceived stress and leisure time satisfaction: The example of sports sciences students. Atatürk University Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. 22(3).
• Sonkaya, M., Ç. (2018). Examination of emotional labour behaviour in nurses, a university hospital example. Master's Thesis, Karabuk University Institute of Health Sciences, Karabuk.
• Totterdell, P. & Holman, D. (2003). Emotion regulation in customer service roles: Testing a model of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 55–73.
• Trougakos, J. P., Jackson, C. L. & Beal, D. J. (2011). Service without a smile: Comparing the consequences of neutral and positive display rules. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 350–362.
• Wharton, A. S. (1993). The affective consequences of service work: Managing emotions on the job. Work and Occupations, 20, 205–232.
• Yucebalkan, B. & Karasakal, N. (2016). A research on the relationship between emotional labour and burnout level in academicians: The case of Kocaeli University. International Journal of Scientific Research, 1(2).
• Yurtseven, C. (2019). The relationship between teachers' autonomy behaviours and emotional labour. Master's Thesis, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Institute of Educational Sciences, Muğla.
• Zapf, D. (2002). Emotion work and psychological well-being: A review of the literature and some conceptual considerations. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 237-268.
• Zerbe, W. J. (2000). Emotional dissonance and employee well-being. N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. J. Härtel & W. J. Zerbe (Ed.), Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory and practice içinde (s. 189-214). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
• Zhan, Y., Wang, M. & Shi, J. (2016). Interpersonal process of emotional labor: The role of negative and positive customer treatment. Personnel Psychology, 69, 525-557.