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The Relationship Between Real Exchange Rate and Imports in Türkiye: Analysis of Symmetric and Asymmetric Effects within the Broad Economic Classification Framework

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 889 - 924, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1654664

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effects of the real exchange rate on Türkiye’s imports. The panel ARDL method is applied using Türkiye’s import data from 33 trading partners for the period between 2013Q1 and 2024Q3. Symmetric and asymmetric relationships between the real exchange rate and imports are examined using the PMG estimator. The findings reveal that the impact of the exchange rate on imports varies across sub-sectors and depending on the method used to calculate the real exchange rate. In symmetric models, a positive relationship is identified between the real exchange rate and total imports, capital goods imports, and consumer goods imports. Accordingly, appreciation of the Turkish lira tends to increase imports in these categories. On the other hand, in the case of intermediate goods imports, including those excluding energy and gold, an appreciation of the lira is associated with a decrease in imports. Asymmetric analyses point to the existence of relationships between the exchange rate and imports of total goods, intermediate goods, and consumer goods that differ in both direction and magnitude. These results suggest that conducting sector-based analyses of the exchange rate-import relationship and carefully selecting real exchange rate indicators are important for supporting accurate and effective policy decisions.

References

  • Acaravcı, A., & Dağlı, Ö. (2021). Döviz kurundaki değişkenliğin Türkiye dış ticaretine etkisi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 7(2), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.972981
  • Akal, M. (2008). Üretim malları ithalatı fiyat ve gelir esneklikleri tahmini: Türkiye örneği. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (15), 1-16.
  • Akpiliç, F., & Yurdakul, F. (2022). Reel döviz kurunun Türkiye imalat sanayi ihracatı üzerine etkisi: Doğrusal olmayan panel ARDL yaklaşımı. Maliye Dergisi, 182, 1-29.
  • Aktaş, C. (2010). Türkiye’de reel döviz kuru ile ihracat ve ithalat arasındaki ilişkinin VAR tekniğiyle analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 6(11), 123-140.
  • Aldan, A., Bozok, İ. & Gunay, M. (2012). Short run import dynamics in Turkey. Working Paper No. 12/25, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
  • Arize, A. C., Malindretos, J., & Igwe, E. U. (2017). Do exchange rate changes improve the trade balance: An asymmetric nonlinear cointegration approach. International Review of Economics & Finance, 49, 313-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2017.02.007
  • Asseery, A., & Peel, D. A. (1991). Estimates of a traditional aggregate import demand model for five countries. Economics Letters, 35(4), 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(91)90015-D
  • Asteriou, D., Masatci, K., & Pılbeam, K. (2016). Exchange rate volatility and international trade: International evidence from the MINT countries. Economic Modelling, 58, 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.05.006
  • Ayhan, F. (2019). Türkiye ekonomisinde döviz kuru oynaklığının dış ticaret üzerindeki etkisinin analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(3), 629-647.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Halicioglu, F. (2017). Asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on Turkish bilateral trade balances. Economic Systems, 41(2), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.07.001
  • Baum, C. F., & Caglayan, M. (2010). On the sensitivity of the volume and volatility of bilateral trade flows to exchange rate uncertainty. Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2008.12.003
  • Bailey, M. J., & Tavlas, G. S. (1988). Trade and investment under floating rates: the US experience. Cato Journal, 8, 421.
  • Cheung, Y.-W., & Sengupta, R. (2013). Impact of exchange rate movements on exports: An analysis of Indian non-financial sector firms. Journal of International Money and Finance, 39(2013), 231-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.06.026
  • Chahrazed, B., Yousra, C. A., Djillali, M., & Eddine, H. R. I. (2024). An econometric study of the impact of exchange rate changes on imports. SocioEconomic Challenges, 8(3), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.61093/sec.8(3).262-269.2024
  • Çatalbaş, N. (2021). The relationship among import, export, and real exchange rate in Turkey. Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics, 11(1), 49-72.
  • Çolak, C., Tokpunar, S., & Uzun, Y. (2014). Determinants of sectoral import in manufacturing industry: a panel data analysis. Ege Academic Review, 14(2), 271-282.
  • Çulha, O. Y., Eren, O., & Öğünç, F. (2019). Import demand function for Turkey. Central Bank Review, 19(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbrev.2019.03.001
  • Dağdemir, A., & Narin, P. A. (2024). İmalat sanayinde ihracat ve reel döviz kuru ilişkisi: teknoloji yoğunluğu ve ülke gelirlerinin etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(2), 212-243. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1364387
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979), Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1981), Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
  • Erden, L., & Sağlam, G. (2009). Türkiye’de döviz kuru oynaklığının sektörel ithalata etkileri: Bir ARDL ithalat modeli analizi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 19-44.
  • Goldstein, M., & Khan, M. S. (1976). Large versus small price changes and the demand for imports. Staff Papers-International Monetary Fund, 200-225.
  • Gül, E., & Ekinci, A. (2006). Türkiye'de reel döviz kuru ile ihracat ve ithalat arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: 1990-2006. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (16),165-190.
  • Günçavdı, Ö., & Ülengin, B. (2006). On the determinants of the monthly demand for imports in Turkey: A VECM approach. Yapı Kredi Economic Review, 17(2), 3-15.
  • Hiçyılmaz, B. (2022). Ara malları ithalatı, göreceli fiyat ve reel efektif döviz kuru ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 8(3), 408-424. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2022.8.3.002
  • Hooper, P., & Kohlhagen, S. W. (1978). The effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the prices and volume of international trade. Journal of International Economics, 8(4), 483-511.
  • Houthakker, H. S., & Magee, S. P. (1969). Income and price elasticities in world trade. The review of Economics and Statistics, 51(2), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.2307/1926720
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Köse, N., & Aslan, Ç. (2023). The effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on Turkey’s foreign trade: new evidences from SVAR model. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 30(2), 553-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1808798
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
  • Oktay, E., & Gozgor, G. (2013). Estimation of disaggregated import demand functions for Turkey. Economics Bulletin, 33(1), 575-585.
  • Özmen, E., & Karadam, D. Y. (2016). Structural change in Turkish external trade: Evidence from BEC sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşim, 27(100), 207-221.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
  • Sever, E. (2009). Reel döviz kuru belirsizliğinin ticaret performansına etkisi: Türkiye uygulaması. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 4(2), 77-97.
  • Sharma, C., & Pal, D. (2019). Does exchange rate volatility dampen imports? Commodity-level evidence from India. International Economic Journal, 33(4), 696-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2019.1630467
  • Simonyan, S. (2020). Asymmetric exchange rate pass-through to import and export prices for Turkey: A nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 16(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.1.2
  • Thorbecke, W., & Sengonul, A. (2023). The impact of exchange rates on Turkish imports and exports. International Economics, 174, 231-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2023.04.003
  • Uğur, B. (2021). The effect of real effective exchange rate on imports and exports: The case of the fragile five. Equinox Journal of Economics Business and Political Studies, 8(2), 222-242. doi:10.48064/equinox.944158

Türkiye’de Reel Döviz Kuru ile İthalat Arasındaki İlişki: Geniş Ekonomik Sınıflama Çerçevesinde Simetrik ve Asimetrik Etkilerin Analizi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 889 - 924, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1654664

Abstract

Bu çalışma reel döviz kurunun Türkiye’nin ithalatı üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmektir. Araştırmada, Türkiye’nin 33 ticaret ortağıyla gerçekleştirdiği ithalat verileri kullanılarak, 2013Ç1-2024Ç3 dönem için panel ARDL yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Reel döviz kuru ile ithalat arasındaki simetrik ve asimetrik ilişkiler, PMG tahmincisi aracılığıyla incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, döviz kurunun ithalat üzerindeki etkisinin alt sektörlere ve reel döviz kuru hesaplama yöntemlerine göre farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Simetrik modellerde, reel döviz kuru ile toplam ithalat, sermaye malı ithalatı ve tüketim malı ithalatı arasında pozitif ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre, Türk lirasının değer kazanması bu ithalat kalemlerini artırıcı yönde etki yapmaktadır. Öte yandan, ara malı ithalatında ve enerji-altın hariç ara malı ithalatında, TL’nin değer kazanmasının ithalatı azalttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Asimetrik analizler, toplam ithalat, ara malı ve tüketim malı ithalatı için döviz kuru ile ithalat arasında yön ve büyüklüğü farklılaşan asimetrik ilişkilerin varlığına işaret etmektedir. Bu sonuçlar, döviz kuru-ithalat ilişkisinin sektör bazında detaylı analiz edilmesinin ve reel döviz kuru göstergelerinin dikkatli seçilmesinin, politika yapıcılar için isabetli kararlar alınmasını destekleyeceğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Acaravcı, A., & Dağlı, Ö. (2021). Döviz kurundaki değişkenliğin Türkiye dış ticaretine etkisi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 7(2), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.972981
  • Akal, M. (2008). Üretim malları ithalatı fiyat ve gelir esneklikleri tahmini: Türkiye örneği. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (15), 1-16.
  • Akpiliç, F., & Yurdakul, F. (2022). Reel döviz kurunun Türkiye imalat sanayi ihracatı üzerine etkisi: Doğrusal olmayan panel ARDL yaklaşımı. Maliye Dergisi, 182, 1-29.
  • Aktaş, C. (2010). Türkiye’de reel döviz kuru ile ihracat ve ithalat arasındaki ilişkinin VAR tekniğiyle analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 6(11), 123-140.
  • Aldan, A., Bozok, İ. & Gunay, M. (2012). Short run import dynamics in Turkey. Working Paper No. 12/25, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
  • Arize, A. C., Malindretos, J., & Igwe, E. U. (2017). Do exchange rate changes improve the trade balance: An asymmetric nonlinear cointegration approach. International Review of Economics & Finance, 49, 313-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2017.02.007
  • Asseery, A., & Peel, D. A. (1991). Estimates of a traditional aggregate import demand model for five countries. Economics Letters, 35(4), 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(91)90015-D
  • Asteriou, D., Masatci, K., & Pılbeam, K. (2016). Exchange rate volatility and international trade: International evidence from the MINT countries. Economic Modelling, 58, 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.05.006
  • Ayhan, F. (2019). Türkiye ekonomisinde döviz kuru oynaklığının dış ticaret üzerindeki etkisinin analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(3), 629-647.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Halicioglu, F. (2017). Asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on Turkish bilateral trade balances. Economic Systems, 41(2), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.07.001
  • Baum, C. F., & Caglayan, M. (2010). On the sensitivity of the volume and volatility of bilateral trade flows to exchange rate uncertainty. Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2008.12.003
  • Bailey, M. J., & Tavlas, G. S. (1988). Trade and investment under floating rates: the US experience. Cato Journal, 8, 421.
  • Cheung, Y.-W., & Sengupta, R. (2013). Impact of exchange rate movements on exports: An analysis of Indian non-financial sector firms. Journal of International Money and Finance, 39(2013), 231-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.06.026
  • Chahrazed, B., Yousra, C. A., Djillali, M., & Eddine, H. R. I. (2024). An econometric study of the impact of exchange rate changes on imports. SocioEconomic Challenges, 8(3), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.61093/sec.8(3).262-269.2024
  • Çatalbaş, N. (2021). The relationship among import, export, and real exchange rate in Turkey. Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics, 11(1), 49-72.
  • Çolak, C., Tokpunar, S., & Uzun, Y. (2014). Determinants of sectoral import in manufacturing industry: a panel data analysis. Ege Academic Review, 14(2), 271-282.
  • Çulha, O. Y., Eren, O., & Öğünç, F. (2019). Import demand function for Turkey. Central Bank Review, 19(1), 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbrev.2019.03.001
  • Dağdemir, A., & Narin, P. A. (2024). İmalat sanayinde ihracat ve reel döviz kuru ilişkisi: teknoloji yoğunluğu ve ülke gelirlerinin etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(2), 212-243. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1364387
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1979), Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1981), Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
  • Erden, L., & Sağlam, G. (2009). Türkiye’de döviz kuru oynaklığının sektörel ithalata etkileri: Bir ARDL ithalat modeli analizi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 19-44.
  • Goldstein, M., & Khan, M. S. (1976). Large versus small price changes and the demand for imports. Staff Papers-International Monetary Fund, 200-225.
  • Gül, E., & Ekinci, A. (2006). Türkiye'de reel döviz kuru ile ihracat ve ithalat arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: 1990-2006. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (16),165-190.
  • Günçavdı, Ö., & Ülengin, B. (2006). On the determinants of the monthly demand for imports in Turkey: A VECM approach. Yapı Kredi Economic Review, 17(2), 3-15.
  • Hiçyılmaz, B. (2022). Ara malları ithalatı, göreceli fiyat ve reel efektif döviz kuru ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 8(3), 408-424. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2022.8.3.002
  • Hooper, P., & Kohlhagen, S. W. (1978). The effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the prices and volume of international trade. Journal of International Economics, 8(4), 483-511.
  • Houthakker, H. S., & Magee, S. P. (1969). Income and price elasticities in world trade. The review of Economics and Statistics, 51(2), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.2307/1926720
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Köse, N., & Aslan, Ç. (2023). The effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on Turkey’s foreign trade: new evidences from SVAR model. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 30(2), 553-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1808798
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
  • Oktay, E., & Gozgor, G. (2013). Estimation of disaggregated import demand functions for Turkey. Economics Bulletin, 33(1), 575-585.
  • Özmen, E., & Karadam, D. Y. (2016). Structural change in Turkish external trade: Evidence from BEC sectors. Ekonomik Yaklaşim, 27(100), 207-221.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
  • Sever, E. (2009). Reel döviz kuru belirsizliğinin ticaret performansına etkisi: Türkiye uygulaması. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 4(2), 77-97.
  • Sharma, C., & Pal, D. (2019). Does exchange rate volatility dampen imports? Commodity-level evidence from India. International Economic Journal, 33(4), 696-718. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2019.1630467
  • Simonyan, S. (2020). Asymmetric exchange rate pass-through to import and export prices for Turkey: A nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 16(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2020.16.1.2
  • Thorbecke, W., & Sengonul, A. (2023). The impact of exchange rates on Turkish imports and exports. International Economics, 174, 231-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2023.04.003
  • Uğur, B. (2021). The effect of real effective exchange rate on imports and exports: The case of the fragile five. Equinox Journal of Economics Business and Political Studies, 8(2), 222-242. doi:10.48064/equinox.944158
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Panel Data Analysis, International Economics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ferdi Akpiliç 0000-0002-7692-4651

Submission Date March 10, 2025
Acceptance Date May 20, 2025
Early Pub Date June 30, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akpiliç, F. (2025). Türkiye’de Reel Döviz Kuru ile İthalat Arasındaki İlişki: Geniş Ekonomik Sınıflama Çerçevesinde Simetrik ve Asimetrik Etkilerin Analizi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 10(2), 889-924. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1654664

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