Structural Determinants of University-Industry R&D Collaboration: A Cross-Country Factor Analysis

Year 2026, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 349 - 380, 28.02.2026

Ahmet Yüzbaşıoğulları

https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1732592

https://izlik.org/JA99WP57ZH

Abstract

This study deciphers the enduring cross-national divergence in University–Industry Collaboration (UIC) performance by developing and empirically validating a dual-architecture model of national innovation systems. The central finding—termed the “UIC Paradox”—reveals a structural disjunction: the institutional form of collaboration is embedded in Systemic Structural Capacity (F1), while its innovative outcomes derive from Relational Market Dynamism (F2). An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of 112 countries (2007–2019) confirms a robust orthogonal two-factor structure (r=0.00) explaining 100% of common variance. UIC loads predominantly on F1 (0.913), whereas patents and related innovation outputs load exclusively on F2 (0.965), empirically validating the phenomenon of “ceremonial collaboration”—form without function. Complementary Granger causality tests reveal a sequential innovation anatomy: UIC intensity predicts GDP growth at t+1 and unemployment reduction at t+2, reflecting distinct temporal mechanisms. The t+1 effect captures efficiency gains through structural activation (F1), while the t+2 effect reflects deeper market adaptation via relational capability (F2). The study contributes a diagnostic governance framework that operationalizes innovation orchestration through Dual-Metric Dashboards linking measurement, evaluation, and adaptive policy design. It provides a roadmap for transitional economies—such as Turkey—to escape the structural-relational imbalance that sustains low innovation elasticity despite extensive policy infrastructure.

Keywords

University-Industry Collaboration , R&D , Innovation , Factor Analysis , National Innovation System , Triple Helix , Resource-Based View , Policy Mix , Institutional Theory

Üniversite-Sanayi Ar-Ge İşbirliğinin Yapısal Belirleyicileri: Ülkelerarası Bir Faktör Analizi

https://izlik.org/JA99WP57ZH

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ülkeler arası Üniversite–Sanayi İşbirliği (ÜSİ) performansındaki kalıcı farklılıkların altında yatan kurumsal ve ilişkisel mimariyi çözümlemekte; ulusal yenilik sistemlerine ilişkin ikili mimari modeli kuramsal ve ampirik olarak doğrulamaktadır. "ÜSİ Paradoksu" olarak adlandırılan temel bulgu, işbirliğinin kurumsal formunun Sistemik Yapısal Kapasite’ye (F1), yenilik çıktılarının ise İlişkisel Piyasa Dinamizmi’ne (F2) ait olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. 112 ülkeyi kapsayan (2007–2019) veriyle yürütülen Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (EFA), ortak varyansın tamamını açıklayan (100%) ve faktörler arası korelasyonu sıfır olan (r=0.00) iki boyutlu sağlam bir yapıyı doğrulamıştır. ÜSİ’nin F1’e yüksek yüklenmesi (0.913) ile patent başvurularının F2’ye yüklenmesi (0.965), biçimsel uyumun işlevsel etkinliği garanti etmediğini ve “göstermelik işbirliği” (ceremonial collaboration) olgusunu nicel olarak kanıtlamaktadır. Tamamlayıcı Granger nedensellik analizleri, ÜSİ yoğunluğunun GSYH büyümesini bir yıl (t+1) ve işsizlik azalmasını iki yıl (t+2) gecikmeyle yordadığını göstermektedir. Bu ardışık zamanlama, yeniliğin yapısal-anatomik düzenini yansıtmaktadır: kısa vadeli verimlilik kazanımları yapısal kapasite (F1) tarafından, uzun vadeli kurumsal uyum ise ilişkisel dinamizm (F2) tarafından yönlendirilmektedir. Çalışma, bu ikili dinamiğin stratejik yönetimi için tanısal bir çerçeve sunmakta; ölçme-değerlendirme mekanizmaları, “Dual-Metric Dashboard” yaklaşımı ve bağlamsal yönetişim araçları aracılığıyla geçiş ekonomilerinin (özellikle Türkiye’nin) yapısal-ilişkisel dengesizlikleri aşmasına yönelik bütünleşik bir stratejik yol haritası sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Üniversite-Sanayi İşbirliği , Ar-Ge , İnovasyon , Faktör Analizi , Ulusal İnovasyon Sistemi , Üçlü Sarmal , Kaynak Tabanlı Görüş , Politika Karması , Kurumsal Teori

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