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Sandık ve Cüzdan: ARDL ve QARDL Model Yaklaşımı ile Seçim Dönemleri ve Tüketici Beklentilerinin Tüketici Güvenine Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 953 - 982, 31.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1516780

Abstract

Tüketici güveninin giderek artan önemi ve bu güveni etkileyen unsurların açıklanması çalışmaya değer önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de seçim dönemlerinin ve tüketici beklentilerinin Tüketici Güven Endeksi (TGE) üzerine etkileri kısa ve uzun dönemli ilişkileri Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikme (ARDL) modeli ve Kantil Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikme (QARDL) modeli ile incelemektir. 2012:1-2024:3 dönem arasında değişkenlere ait veriler TÜİK’ ten aylık olarak toplanmıştır. ARDL model bulgularından, seçim dönemleri, hem kısa dönem hem de uzun dönemde TGE üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahiptir. Konut alma veya inşa ettirme düşüncesi ile tasarruf etme düşüncesi, hem kısa hem de uzun dönemde TGE üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı, otomobil alma düşüncesi ve geçinme endeksi, kısa dönemde TGE üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı etkilere sahipken, uzun dönemde anlamlı etki elde edilememiştir. QARDL modeline göre tüm değişkenlerin farklı kartillerde farklı etkiler göstermesi nedeniyle asimetri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışma, tüketici güveninin artırılması ve ekonomik istikrarın sağlanması için konut piyasası, tasarruf eğilimlerine ve geçinme maliyetlerinin düşürülmesine odaklanılması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Seçim dönemlerinde oluşan güven ve istikrarın sürdürülebilirliği için politikalar geliştirilmelidir. Araştırma, ARDL ve QARDL modeli üzerine ve Türkiye'nin ekonomik politikalarına yön verebilecek değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

References

  • Adam, A. (2014). Do elections bring optimism? Electoral Studies, 33, 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.08.005
  • Alesina, A., Roubini, N., & Cohen, G. D. (1997). Political cycles and the macroeconomy. MIT Press.
  • Bittencourt, V., Campello da Costa, D., & Teixeira, F. O. (2017). The political economy of consumer confidence in Brazil. Unpublished Working Paper.
  • Cho, J. S., Kim, T. H., & Shin, Y. (2015). Quantile cointegration in the autoregressive distributed lag modeling framework. Journal of Econometrics, 188(1), 281-300.
  • Çetin, A. C. (2021). Türkiye’de Tüketici Güven Endeksini etkileyen faktörlerin analizi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(5), 1259-1278. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.891302
  • De Boef, S., & Kellstedt, P. M. (2004). The political (and economic) origins of consumer confidence. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 633-649.
  • Doğan, A., & Tokgöz, E. (2022). Seçmen tercihinde ekonomik gelişmelerin rolü: Ekonomik oy verme teorisi bağlamında Türkiye genel seçimleri üzerine bir inceleme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi (e-gifder), 10(2), 1179-1205.
  • Engle, R., & Granger, C. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Erener, C. (2021). Tüketici güven endeksi ile seçim sonuçları arasındaki ilişki: AK Parti ve CHP üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. İktisadi ve İdari Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 3(1), 29-43.
  • Hardouvelis, G. A., & Thomakos, D. D. (2007). Consumer confidence and elections. The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis Working Paper Series, 42(7).
  • Haug, A. A. (2002). Temporal aggregation and the power of cointegration tests: A Monte Carlo study. Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, 64(4), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00025
  • INSEE. (2017). Electoral periods have a positive albeit short-lived effect on household confidence. French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, Conjoncture in France, March.
  • Kelly, B., Pástor, Ě., & Veronesi, P. (2016). The price of political uncertainty: Theory and evidence from the option market. The Journal of Finance, 71(5), 2417-2480. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12492
  • Marc, B., & Reuter, A. (2018). The effect of elections on consumer confidence in Europe. European Economy Discussion Paper, (090). https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/economic-and-financial-affairs-publications_en
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Nordhaus, W. D. (1975). The political business cycle. Review of Economic Studies, 42(2), 169-189.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Ramalho, E. A., Caleiro, A., & Dionfsio, A. (2011). Explaining consumer confidence in Portugal. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(1), 25-32.
  • Shahbaz, M., Lahiani, A., Abosedra, S., & Hammoudeh, S. (2018). The role of globalization in energy consumption: A quantile cointegrating regression approach. Energy Economics, 71, 161-170.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2024). Ekonomik güven [Data set]. TÜİK. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Ekonomik-Guven-117
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Xiao, Z. (2009). Quantile cointegrating regression. Journal of Econometrics, 150, 248-260.
  • Yaka, R. (2020). Tüketici güven endeksi ve Türkiye’de seçimler. USBAD Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 2(4), 888-906.

Election and Wallet: The Effect of Election Periods and Consumer Expectations on Consumer Confidence with ARDL and QARDL Model Approach

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 953 - 982, 31.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1516780

Abstract

The growing significance of consumer confidence and the explanation of the factors influencing this confidence is an important issue worthy of study. This study aims to examine the effects of election periods and consumer expectations on the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) in Turkey. To this end, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag (QARDL) models will be employed. Data on the variables in question were collected on a monthly basis from Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) over the period spanning 2012:1 to 2024:3. The ARDL model findings indicate that election periods exert a positive and significant influence on the TGE, both in the short run and in the long run. The intention to buy or have a house built and the intention to save have positive and significant effects on the TGE in both the short and long run. Conversely, the intention to buy a car and the cost of living index have a positive and significant effects on the TGE in the short run, but no significant effect was found in the long run. The QARDL model reveals that asymmetry is present, with all variables exhibiting disparate effects across different quartiles. The findings of this study indicate that in order to enhance consumer confidence and guarantee economic stability, it is essential to prioritise the housing market, savings patterns and reducing the cost of living. The development of policies that ensure the sustainability of the confidence and stability created during election periods is crucial. The research offers invaluable insights into ARDL and QARDL models that can inform Turkey's economic policies.

References

  • Adam, A. (2014). Do elections bring optimism? Electoral Studies, 33, 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.08.005
  • Alesina, A., Roubini, N., & Cohen, G. D. (1997). Political cycles and the macroeconomy. MIT Press.
  • Bittencourt, V., Campello da Costa, D., & Teixeira, F. O. (2017). The political economy of consumer confidence in Brazil. Unpublished Working Paper.
  • Cho, J. S., Kim, T. H., & Shin, Y. (2015). Quantile cointegration in the autoregressive distributed lag modeling framework. Journal of Econometrics, 188(1), 281-300.
  • Çetin, A. C. (2021). Türkiye’de Tüketici Güven Endeksini etkileyen faktörlerin analizi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(5), 1259-1278. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.891302
  • De Boef, S., & Kellstedt, P. M. (2004). The political (and economic) origins of consumer confidence. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 633-649.
  • Doğan, A., & Tokgöz, E. (2022). Seçmen tercihinde ekonomik gelişmelerin rolü: Ekonomik oy verme teorisi bağlamında Türkiye genel seçimleri üzerine bir inceleme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi (e-gifder), 10(2), 1179-1205.
  • Engle, R., & Granger, C. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Erener, C. (2021). Tüketici güven endeksi ile seçim sonuçları arasındaki ilişki: AK Parti ve CHP üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz. İktisadi ve İdari Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 3(1), 29-43.
  • Hardouvelis, G. A., & Thomakos, D. D. (2007). Consumer confidence and elections. The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis Working Paper Series, 42(7).
  • Haug, A. A. (2002). Temporal aggregation and the power of cointegration tests: A Monte Carlo study. Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, 64(4), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00025
  • INSEE. (2017). Electoral periods have a positive albeit short-lived effect on household confidence. French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, Conjoncture in France, March.
  • Kelly, B., Pástor, Ě., & Veronesi, P. (2016). The price of political uncertainty: Theory and evidence from the option market. The Journal of Finance, 71(5), 2417-2480. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12492
  • Marc, B., & Reuter, A. (2018). The effect of elections on consumer confidence in Europe. European Economy Discussion Paper, (090). https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/economic-and-financial-affairs-publications_en
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Nordhaus, W. D. (1975). The political business cycle. Review of Economic Studies, 42(2), 169-189.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Ramalho, E. A., Caleiro, A., & Dionfsio, A. (2011). Explaining consumer confidence in Portugal. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(1), 25-32.
  • Shahbaz, M., Lahiani, A., Abosedra, S., & Hammoudeh, S. (2018). The role of globalization in energy consumption: A quantile cointegrating regression approach. Energy Economics, 71, 161-170.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2024). Ekonomik güven [Data set]. TÜİK. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Ekonomik-Guven-117
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Xiao, Z. (2009). Quantile cointegrating regression. Journal of Econometrics, 150, 248-260.
  • Yaka, R. (2020). Tüketici güven endeksi ve Türkiye’de seçimler. USBAD Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 2(4), 888-906.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Econometric and Statistical Methods, Economic Models and Forecasting, Political Economy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynep Öztürk 0000-0003-0475-1357

Early Pub Date October 20, 2024
Publication Date October 31, 2024
Submission Date July 16, 2024
Acceptance Date October 18, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Öztürk, Z. (2024). Election and Wallet: The Effect of Election Periods and Consumer Expectations on Consumer Confidence with ARDL and QARDL Model Approach. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 9(3), 953-982. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1516780