Dijital Diplomatlar: Dijital Diplomaside Yeni Nesil Diplomatlar

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 114 - 127, 31.03.2021

Elif Gürdal

Abstract

Diplomasi devletlerarası uzlaşı sanatıdır. Devletleri temsilen dış politikada bu rolü üstlenen resmi yetkililer de diplomatlardır. Diplomasi yöntemleri, zamanla devletlerarası ilişki biçimlerine yenilerinin eklenmesi ve teknolojik imkânlar gibi farklı etmenler nedeni ile değişmektedir. Dijital iletişim olanaklarının toplumsal yapıyı değiştirmesi ile uluslararası ilişkiler yöntemleri dönüşüme girmiştir. Modern diplomasi, yumuşak diplomasi, kamu diplomasisi ve dijital diplomasi gibi farklı kavramlar hayatımıza girmiştir. Sosyal medya uygulamaları önemli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Dijital diplomasinin dış politikada belirleyici bir rol üstlenmesiyle diplomatlara yeni görev ve yetki alanı ortaya çıkmıştır. Diplomat algısına artık teknoloji ile siyaseti stratejik olarak birleştirebilen beceriler de eklenmiştir. Yeni nesil diplomatların yetiştirilmesi artık daha önemli bir hal almıştır. Siyasi tecrübenin gerekli ancak bunun dijital okuryazarlık ve dijital beceri ile sentezlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple bu çalışma uluslararası ilişkilerin yenilikçi çalışmalarına katkı yapması bakımından gerekli olduğu düşünülerek dijital diplomasi kavramında yeni nesil diplomatlardan beklentilerin neler olduğunu ve yeni diplomatların yetki gücü ve becerilerinin nasıl olduğunu ele alan nitel bir araştırmadır.

Keywords

diplomasi, dijital diplomat, dijital diplomasi, kamu diplomasisi, dijital iletişim

Thanks

Dergi yayın kurulunda olup emeği geçen herkese teşekkür ederim.

References

• Berridge, G. R. & James, A. (2001). A Dictionary of Diplomacy, New York: Palgrave.
• Bjola, C. (2018). Digital Diplomacy 2.0: Trends and Counter-Trends, Mexican Journal of Foreign Policy, No. 113, 1-14.
• Blogger. (2021). John Brown’s Public Diplomacy Press and Blog Review. 10.01.2021 tarihinde http://publicdiplomacypressandblogreview.blogspot.com/2019/06/embassies-embrace-fashion-as-public_1.html adresinden alındı.
• Bondanella, P. E. (1973). Machiavelli and the Art of Renaissance History. Detriot: Wayne State University Press.
• David Huebner Blog Page. (2010). 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/webarchive/wayback/20100516073017/http://blogs.newzealand.usembassy.gov/ambassador/ adresinden alındı.
• Diplomacy Data. (2015). History of Digital Diplomacy and Main Milestones: Digital Diplomacy: A Broad Perspective. 25.01.2021 tarihinde http://diplomacydata.com/history-of-digital-diplomacy-and-main-milestones/ adresinden alındı.
• Facebook. (2021). Kadın Liderler İçin Facebook'ta Emniyet İpuçları. 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://scontent.fayt2-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.8562-6/83085471_684124368788092_1823278922129735680_n.pdf?_nc_cat=105&ccb=3&_nc_sid=ad8a9d&_nc_ohc=bX35NEysqRQAX8sk86x&_nc_ht=scontent.fayt2-1.fna&oh=6e3d4ff7abb2ec3dd3edfe475ea990ba&oe=60504C52 adresinden alındı.
• Facebook. (2018). Digital Diplomacy on Facebook. 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.dropbox.com/s/d9nsanweupucmbv/2018%20Digital%20Diplomacy%20on%20Facebook%20Best%20Practices%20Guide.pdf?dl=0 adresinden alındı.
• Fact Sheet Bureau of Public Affairs. (2011). International Cyber Diplomacy: Promoting Openness, Security and Prosperity in a Networked World.
• Fletcher, T. (2018). Pulic Diplomacy and Its Offshoots., Satow’s Diplomatic Practice, (Ed. Ivor Roberts). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Fletcher, T. (2016). Naked Diplomacy: Power and Statecraft in the Digital Age, London: Harper Collins Publishers.
• Forbes. (2012). Internet-in-a-Suitcase: The Web Technology That Wants You to Be Free, 10.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.forbes.com/sites/knowledgewharton/2012/03/08/internet-in-a-suitcase-the-web-technology-that-wants-you-to-be-free/#2eca8ded71e4 adresinden alındı.
• Fung, B. (2012). Digital Diplomacy: Why It’s So Tough for Embassies to Get Social Media Right. 10.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/digital-diplomacy-why-its-so-tough-for-embassies-to-get-social-media-right/263744/ adresinden alındı. Haifa University. (2021). 10.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.haifa.ac.il/?s=ambassadors+online&lang=en&csrt=12668963369501285563, adresinden alındı.
• Hamilton, K. & Langhorne, R. (2010). The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory And Administration, Second Edition, London and New York: Routledge.
• Hocking, B. & Melissen, J. (2015). Diplomacy in the Digital Age. Netherlands: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
• Holmes, M. (2015). Digital diplomacy and international change management. Digital Diplomacy Theory and practice. (Ed. Corneliu Bjola & Marcus Holmes) New York: Routledge
• Khatib, L. & Dutton, W. & - Thelwall, M. (2012).Public Diplomacy 2.0: A Case Study of the US. Digital Outreach Team Middle East Journal, 66( 3), 453-472.
• Knutsen, T. L. (1992). A history of international relations theory: an introduction, Oxford: Manchester University Press.
• Kumar, R. N. (2012). Martyred but Not Tamed: The Politics of Resistance in the Middle East. India: SAGE Publications.
• Manor, I. (2019). The Digitalization of Public Diplomacy, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Microsoft. (2015). Diplomacy Everywhere. 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2015/02/25/diplomacy-everywhere-microsoft-donates-cutting-edge-technology-to-bring-diplomacy-to-life-for-visitors-of-the-u-s-diplomacy-center/ adresinden alındı.
• Morgenthau, H. J. (1946). Diplomacy, The Yale Law Journal, 55(10), 1067-1080.
• National Research Council. (1995). The Changing Nature of Telecommunications/Information Infrastructure, Washington: The National Academies Press.
• Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs. Office of Denmark’s Tech Ambassador: Silicon Valley (2021). Techplomacy. 10.01.2021 tarihinde https://techamb.um.dk/en/techplomacy/abouttechplomacy/ adresinden alındı.
• Ostwald, K. & Dierkes, J. (2018). Canada’s foreign policy and bureaucratic (un)responsiveness: public diplomacy in the digital domain. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 24(2), 202–222.
• Pamment, J. (2013). New Public Diplomacy in the Twentyfirst Century: A Comparative Study of Policy and Practice. New York: Routledge.
• Pamment, J. & Wilkins, K. G. (2018). Introduction: New Dimensions in the Politics of Image and Aid, Communicating National Image through Development and Diplomacy: The Politics of Foreign Aid (Ed. J. Pamment & K. G. Wilkins), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Pamment, J. (2018). Communication at the Crossroads of Development, Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. Communicating National Image through Development and Diplomacy: The Politics of Foreign Aid. (Ed. J. Pamment & K. G. Wilkins) Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Polat, İ. H. (2011). Sosyal Medya Devrimleri. Cesur Yeni Medya: Wikileaks ve 2011 Arap İsyanları Üzerine Tartışmalar. (Ed. Mutlu Binark & Işık Barış Fidaner). İstanbul: Alternatif Bilişim.
• Rana, K. S.(2011). 21st Century Diplomacy A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: The Continuum International Publishing,
• Rigalt, A. C. (2017). Diplomacy 3.0: From Digital Communication to Digital Diplomacy, Analisis. No. 9, 1-5.
• Ronald Reagan Speech. (1987). Remarks at the 40th Anniversary Conference of the United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, 10.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/091687a adresinden alındı.
• Sandre, A. (2015). Digıtal Diplomacy: Conversations on Innovation in Foreign Policy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
• Sandre, A. (2013). Twitter for Diplomats: DiploFoundation. Serbia: Layout & Prepress.
• Sandre, A. (2014). Diplomacy 3.0 Starts in Stockholm. 10.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.huffpost.com/entry/digital-diplomacy-stockholm_b_4592691 adresinden alındı.
• Satariano, A. (2019).The World’s First Ambassador to the Tech Industry. 10.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/technology/denmark-tech-ambassador.html adresinden alındı.
• Secondlife. (2003). 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://secondlife.com/ adresinden alındı.
• Snow, N. (2012). American Propaganda: A Scholarly and Practitioner Perspective (We Need More Study, Not Less). 10.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322357999_American_Propaganda_A_Scholarly_and_Practitioner_Perspective_We_Need_More_Study_Not_Less adresinden alındı.
• Sotiriu, S. (2015). Between promises and reality. Digital Diploamcy: Theory and Practice. (Ed. Corneliu Bjola & Marcus Holmes) London and New York: Routledge.
• Sönmezoğlu, F. (1987). Ansiklopedik Politika Sözlüğü, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• State of Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2016). 1 st Digital Diplomacy Conference Summary, Tel Aviv.
• The National Museum of American Diplomacy. (2021). 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://diplomacy.state.gov/about/ adresinden alındı.
• The Second House of Sweden. (2007). 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://secondhouseofsweden.wordpress.com/2007/03/ adresinden alındı.
• U. S. Department of State. (2009). Office of e-Diplomacy (IRM/BPC/EDIP), 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://2001-2009.state.gov/m/irm/ediplomacy/index.htm adresinden alındı.
• USC Center on Public Diplomacy, (2014). 03.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/users/davidhuebner adresinden alındı.
• Ünver, H. A. (2017). Bilişimsel Diplomasi, Kadir Has Üniversitesi & EDAM, Siber Politikalar ve Dijital Demokrasi. p.11.
• Wichowski, A.(2015). Secrecy Is For Losers. Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, (Ed. Corneliu Bjola - Marcus Holmes). London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Gorup.
• Wilson, Mark I. & Corey, K. E. (2012). The Role of ICT in Arab Spring Movements. Networks and Communication Studies, NETCOM, 26 (3-4), 343-356.