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SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 158 - 168, 01.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.158-168

Abstract

Industrial agriculture, unlike traditional agriculture, relies solely on high yield and profit. All the problems attributed to it are directly or indirectly linked to this single-purpose nature. However, the industrialization of agriculture does not proceed only in large holdings belonging the rich farmers: The small holdings, under a multilayered pressure exerted by large scale capital dominating the input, output and credit markets, also resort to these production methods. This creates a vicious circle through which small-scale producers, due to increasing costs, price volatilities and indebtedness, gradually lose control of their economic activity. Peasants under this pressure have to use industrial, even prohibited inputs, knowing very well the harm they cause to the environment and consumers. Additionally, they are perfectly aware that the capital holders controlling the input-output and credit markets gain profit by appropriating their labor through price mechanisms. Under these contradictory conditions, agricultural production loses all the traditional meaning attributed to it for the peasant. The peasant is thus alienated from his produce in a way that is similar but not exactly the same to worker’s alienation to his labor power. This study investigates the example provided by Çukurova Region in Turkey to present arguments on the link between sustainability or the lack thereof and peasant alienation

References

  • Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC Group). (2013). Putting the cartel before the horse ...and farm, seeds, soil, peasants, etc. (Communiqué no. 111, September 2013). Retrieved from http://www.etcgroup.org.
  • Bernstein, H. (1979). African peasantries: A theoretical framework. The Journal of Peasant Studies 6(4), 421- 443.
  • Ennew, J, Hirst P. and Tribe, K. (1977).‘Peasantry’ as an economic category. The Journal of Peasant Studies. 4(4), 295-322.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2017). Food price index. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org.
  • Khan, W. (2011). Feeding the developing world with sustainable agricultural methods: Possibilities, constraints, and proposals. Presented at 2011 Conference of the Association for Heterodox Economics, July 6-9, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom. Retrieved from: http://www4.ntu.ac.uk.
  • Kurmuş, O. (2007). Emperyalizmin Türkiye’ye girişi. 4th ed. İstanbul: Yordam.
  • Marx, K. [1867] (2017a). Capital: Volume I. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org.
  • Marx, K. [1852] (2017b). The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org.
  • Marx, K. [1844] (2017c). Estranged labour. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org.
  • Önal, N.E. (2010). Anadolu tarımının 150 yıllık öyküsü. İstanbul: Yazılama.
  • Patnaik, U. (1979). Neo-populism and Marxism: The Chayanovian view of the agrarian question and its fundamental fallacy. The Journal of Peasant Studies. 6(4), 375-420.
  • Quataert, D. (1980). The commercialization of agriculture in Ottoman Turkey, 1800-1914. International Journal of Turkish Studies. 1(2), 38-55.
  • Reganold, J.P., Papendick, R.I. and Parr, J.F. (1990). Sustainable agriculture. Scientific American 262(6), 112- 120. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. (2015). Tarımsal veriler. Retrieved from http://www.tarim.gov.tr.
  • Saunders, M.N.K., Thornhill A. and Lewis, P. (2009). Research methods for business students. Financial Times Prentice Hall.
  • Turhan, Ş. (2005). Tarımda sürdürülebilirlik ve organik tarım. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi .11(1), 13-24. Retrieved from http://journal.tarekoder.org. Turkish Statistical Institute (Turkstat). (2017). Labor force statistics. Retrieved from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2017). Agriculture negotiations background fact sheet - domestic support in agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org.

TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİNDE ORTAYA ÇIKAN TARIMDA SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK VE KÖYLÜ KESİMİNDEKİ YABANCILAŞMA ARGÜMANLARI

Year 2018, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 158 - 168, 01.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.158-168

Abstract

Geleneksel tarımın aksine endüstriyel tarım yalnızca verim ve kâr üzerine kuruludur. Ona atfedilen tüm sorunların doğrudan ya da dolaylı kaynağında bu tek yönlülük bulunur. Ne var ki, tarımın endüstrileşmesi yalnızca zengin çiftçilere ait olan büyük ölçekli işletmelerde gerçekleşmez. Küçük ölçekli işletmeler de girdi, çıktı ve kredi piyasalarına egemen olan büyük ölçekli sermayenin çok katmanlı basıncı altında bu üretim metotlarını benimsemek zorunda kalırlar. Bu, küçük ölçekli üreticinin yükselen maliyetler, fiyat oynaklıklar ve borçluluk nedeniyle tedricen kendi iktisadi faaliyeti üzerindeki kontrolü yitirdiği bir kısır döngü yaratır. Bu basınç altındaki çiftçiler endüstriyel, hatta kullanılması yasak girdileri, çevreye ve toprağa zararlı olacağını pekala bilerek kullanmak zorunda kalırlar. Buna ek olarak, girdi, çıktı ve kredi piyasalarını kontrol eden sermayenin fiyat mekanizmaları kanalıyla emeklerine el koyduğunun da açıkça farkındadırlar. Bu çelişkili koşullarda, tarımsal üretim küçük ölçekli üretim yapan çiftçiler için ona atfedilen tüm geleneksel değerleri yitirir. Böylelikle çiftçi ürününe, işçinin emek gücüne yabancılaşmasına çok benzer ama tam olarak aynı olmayan bir biçimde yabancılaşır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Çukurova bölgesinden çekilen bir örneklemden yararlanılarak sürdürülebilirlik ya da sürdürülemezlik ile çiftçi yabancılaşması arasındaki bağlantı üzerine argümanlar sunulacaktır

References

  • Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC Group). (2013). Putting the cartel before the horse ...and farm, seeds, soil, peasants, etc. (Communiqué no. 111, September 2013). Retrieved from http://www.etcgroup.org.
  • Bernstein, H. (1979). African peasantries: A theoretical framework. The Journal of Peasant Studies 6(4), 421- 443.
  • Ennew, J, Hirst P. and Tribe, K. (1977).‘Peasantry’ as an economic category. The Journal of Peasant Studies. 4(4), 295-322.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2017). Food price index. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org.
  • Khan, W. (2011). Feeding the developing world with sustainable agricultural methods: Possibilities, constraints, and proposals. Presented at 2011 Conference of the Association for Heterodox Economics, July 6-9, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom. Retrieved from: http://www4.ntu.ac.uk.
  • Kurmuş, O. (2007). Emperyalizmin Türkiye’ye girişi. 4th ed. İstanbul: Yordam.
  • Marx, K. [1867] (2017a). Capital: Volume I. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org.
  • Marx, K. [1852] (2017b). The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org.
  • Marx, K. [1844] (2017c). Estranged labour. Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org.
  • Önal, N.E. (2010). Anadolu tarımının 150 yıllık öyküsü. İstanbul: Yazılama.
  • Patnaik, U. (1979). Neo-populism and Marxism: The Chayanovian view of the agrarian question and its fundamental fallacy. The Journal of Peasant Studies. 6(4), 375-420.
  • Quataert, D. (1980). The commercialization of agriculture in Ottoman Turkey, 1800-1914. International Journal of Turkish Studies. 1(2), 38-55.
  • Reganold, J.P., Papendick, R.I. and Parr, J.F. (1990). Sustainable agriculture. Scientific American 262(6), 112- 120. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. (2015). Tarımsal veriler. Retrieved from http://www.tarim.gov.tr.
  • Saunders, M.N.K., Thornhill A. and Lewis, P. (2009). Research methods for business students. Financial Times Prentice Hall.
  • Turhan, Ş. (2005). Tarımda sürdürülebilirlik ve organik tarım. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi .11(1), 13-24. Retrieved from http://journal.tarekoder.org. Turkish Statistical Institute (Turkstat). (2017). Labor force statistics. Retrieved from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr.
  • World Trade Organization (WTO). (2017). Agriculture negotiations background fact sheet - domestic support in agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nevzat Evrim Önal This is me

Burhan Özalp This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Önal, N. E., & Özalp, B. (2018). SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, 6(2), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.158-168
AMA Önal NE, Özalp B. SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. December 2018;6(2):158-168. doi:10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.158-168
Chicago Önal, Nevzat Evrim, and Burhan Özalp. “SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi 6, no. 2 (December 2018): 158-68. https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.158-168.
EndNote Önal NE, Özalp B (December 1, 2018) SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi 6 2 158–168.
IEEE N. E. Önal and B. Özalp, “SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY”, Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 158–168, 2018, doi: 10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.158-168.
ISNAD Önal, Nevzat Evrim - Özalp, Burhan. “SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi 6/2 (December 2018), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.158-168.
JAMA Önal NE, Özalp B. SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. 2018;6:158–168.
MLA Önal, Nevzat Evrim and Burhan Özalp. “SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, 2018, pp. 158-6, doi:10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2018.6/2.158-168.
Vancouver Önal NE, Özalp B. SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ALIENATION IN PEASANTRY: ARGUMENTS DERIVED FROM THE CASE OF TURKEY. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi. 2018;6(2):158-6.