Gönüllü Savaşçılar ve Selahaddin’in Savaşlarına Katkıları

Year 2021, , 111 - 126, 30.06.2021

Qasim Al-shalash

https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.808562

Abstract

Gönüllü Savaşçılar ve Selahaddin’in Savaşlarına Katkıları

Keywords

Kudüs, Haçlılar, Haçlı seferleri, Gönüllüler, Cihat, Beytülmakdis, Hittin, Camiler

المُطّوّعة واسهامهم في حروب السلطان صلاح الدين الأيوبي

Abstract

المُطّوّعة هم المتبرعون بالغزو، والذين لا اسم ولا سهم لهم في الديوان، وقد كان لهم حضور في معظم معارك الدولة، ولعل مساهمتهم في الحرب ضد الغزاة الصليبيين من أكبر المساهمات وذلك لامتداد رقعة الجبهة وطول الفترة الزمنية التي استغرقتها الحملات الصليبية تحت غطاء ديني مزيّف، والتي تمكنت من احتلال الكثير من المدن في الجزيرة الفراتية والشام وخصوصا بيت المقدس. ان عملية استدعاء المُطّوّعة للقتال كانت تتم اثر اعلان النفير في المساجد، فللوازع الديني اسهام فاعل في ذلك كون العقيدة الاسلامية تحث على الدفاع عن الارض والاهل والمال، وعلى اساس ذلك توافدت على الجبهة افواج من الناس مُتطوعة للقتال مرضاة لله، وكان من بين هؤلاء بسطاء الناس (وهم الاغلبية) فضلاً عن العلماء والفقهاء والقضاة والادباء فكانوا من المقربين عند صلاح الدين الايوبي، فمنهم المستشارين والقادة.

Keywords

المطوعة, الحملات الصليبية, الصليبيين, المساجد, جهاد, بيت المقدس, حطين

Volunteer Warriors and their Contributions to the Wars of Salah al-Din

Abstract

Volunteers warriors are the unpaid combatants during war; they are neither registered in the Diwan nor have a share in it. They however had a strong presence in most of the state’s battles, and perhaps their contribution to the wars against the Crusaders was one of the largest contributions due to the extension of the battlefront and the long span of time that the Crusades continued under a false religious pretence. During which they managed to occupy many cities in the al-Jazirah (Upper Mesopotamia) and Bilad al-Sham and particularly Bayt al-Maqdis. The process of summoning and mobilising these volunteer to fight would take place after announcing the call to Jihad in mosques. The religious factor had an effective contribution to this, since the Islamic doctrine urges the defence of the land, family and wealth. For this reason groups of volunteers flocked to the frontlines to fight for the sake of pleasing God, amongst them were ordinary people whom were the majority, besides scholars, jurists, judges, and writers. Many of whom became close to Salah al-Din and in his inner circle becoming some of his advisors and commanders.

Keywords

Crusades, Salah al-Din, Volunteers, Mosques, Jihad, Bayt al-Maqdis, Hittin, Crusaders

References

• Abdallah, A. (2002) Mawqif al-Ulama’ wal-Udaba’ min al-Salibiyin. Amman.
• Abu Hamid, M. (1417AH) al-Wasit fi al-Mazhab. Cairo
• Abu Shamah, S. (1962) al-Rawdatayn fi Akhbar al-Dawlatayin. Cairo.
• Al-Asfahani, I. (2003) al-Fath al-Qusi fi al-Fath al-Qudsi. Beirut.
• Al-Bindari, A. (1979) Sana al-Barq al-Shami. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khanqi.
• Al-Dhahabi, M. (1996) al-‘Ibar fi Khabar man Ghabar. Kuwait.
• Al-Dhahabi, M. (1998) Tarikh al-Islam wa-Wafayat al-Mashahir wal-Ayan. Beirut.
• Al-Hamawi, Y. (2008) Mujam al-Buldan. Beirut.
• Al-Jazri, M. (1963) al-Nihayah fi Gharib al-Hadith. Np.
• Al-Kashani, A. (1992) Istilahat al-Sufiyah. Beirut: Dar al-Manar lil-Nashir wal-Tawzi.
• Al-Mandhari, A. (1988) al-Takmilah li-Wafayat al-Naqalah. Beirut.
• Al-Maqrizi, T. (1934) al-Suluk li-Marifat Duwal al-Muluk. Cairo.
• Al-Nabahani, Y. (2001) Jami Karamat al-Awliya’. Gujarat.
• Al-Nuaymi, A. (1948) al-Daris fi Tarikh al-Madaris. Damascus
• Al-Safadi, S. (1911) Nakt al-Hayman fi Nakt al-Amyan. Cairo.
• Al-Samar’ai, A. M. (1987) Marakat Hittin, Dirasah Siyasiyah Askariyah. Majalat al-Mawrid, vol.16/4.
• Al-Shami, A. (1991) Salah al-Din wal-Salibiyun, Tarikh al-Dawlah al-Ayyubiyah. Cairo.
• Al-Subki, A. (1964) Tabaqat al-Shafiyah al-Kubra. Beirut.
• Al-Ulaymi, M. (1968) al-Uns al-Jalil bi-Tarikh al-Quds wal-Khalil. Najaf.
• Al-Zubaiyi, M.F. (2003) al-Muqawamah al-Arabiyah wal-Islamiyah lil-Ghazw al-Salibi hatta Marakat Hittin. Baghdad.
• Ashur, A. (1971) al-Harakah al-Salibiyah. Cairo.
• Gibb, H. (1996) Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, Dirasat fi al-Tarikh al-Islami. Beirut.
• Ibn al-Adim, K. U. (1954) Zubdat al-Halab fi Tarikh Halap. Damascus.
• Ibn al-Athir, I. A. (1963) al-Tarikh al-Bahir fi al-Dawlah al-Atabikiyah. Cairo.
• Ibn al-Athir, I. A. (1980) al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh. Beirut.
• Ibn Faris, A. (1979) Mujam Maqayis al-Lugha. Cairo.
• Ibn Kathir, I. (1999) al-Bidayah wal-Nhayah. Cairo.
• Ibn Khalikan, A. (1948) Wafayat al-Ayan. Cairo.
• Ibn Mazur, M. (1995) Lisan al-Arab. Beirut.
• Ibn Rajab, A. (1952) Zail Tabaqat al-Hanabilah. Cairo.
• Ibn Shadad, B. (1317AH) Al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyah wal-Mahasin al-Yusufiyah. Cairo.
• Ibn Taghribardi, J. (1972) al-Nujum al-Zahirah fi Akhbar Misir wal-Qahirah. Cairo.
• Ibn Wasil, M. S. (1953) Mufarij al-Kurub fi Akhbar bani Ayyub. Cairo.
• Mustafa. S. (1997) Madinat al-Ilm, Aal Qudamah wal-Salihiyah. Beirut.
• Runciman, S. (1967). Tarikh al-Hurub al-Salibiyah. Beirut.
• Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, Y. (1990) Mir’at al-Zaman fi-Tarikh al-Ayan. Baghdad.