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Was Israel a Western Project in Palestine?

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 189 - 206, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.777767

Abstract

This study aims to ascertain the extent to which it was Western powers or Zionists that founded Israel. The study argues that Israel was established by Western powers, while not ignoring the partial but significant role of Zionists that sought for a Jewish homeland. The West needed a Jewish homeland in order to utilise Jewish wealth, while also keeping Jews away since they were disturbed by the presence of the Jewish community. On the other hand, the World Zionist Organisation, motivated by anti-Semitism and nationalism, pioneered the idea of a Jewish national home and tried to persuade Western leaders as to the viability of a homeland in Palestine. While Zionist lobbying was influential, it can hardly be argued that they would have founded Israel without the help and permission of Western states, and in particular, the British Empire. The study aims to reveal external roles in nation-building by analysing the case of Israel. Methodologically, both quantitative and qualitative researches were used.

References

  • Al-Arian, S. (2020, 5 November). Interview by Author [Personal interview], Istanbul.
  • Al Sarhan, A. S. (2017). United States Foreign Policy and the Middle East. Open Journal of Political Science, 7:454-472.
  • Bar-On, D., & Adwan, S. (2006). The Prime Shared History Project: Peace-Building Under Fire'. In Educating Toward a Culture of Peace, Iram, Y.(ed.), pp. 309-323. Greenwich: Information Age Publishing.
  • Bardaji, R., Steiner, T. and Cohen, E. (2015). Israel: A Vital Asset of The West. Madrid: Friends of Israel Initiative.
  • Becker, T. (2011). The Claim for Recognition of Israel as a Jewish State. Washington: Washington Institute.
  • Beinin, J. and Hajjar, L. (2014). Palestine, Israel and The Arab-Israeli Conflict. https://web.stanford.edu/group/sper/images/Palestine-Israel_Primer_MERIP.pdf Accessed on 27.05. 2018.
  • Browning, C. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (1991). U. S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East. Cultural Critique, 19 (Autumn): 14-31.
  • Cleveland, W. (2008). A History of the Modern Middle East. In The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel, Cleveland, W. and Bunton, M. (Eds.), pp. 239-271. New York: Routledge.
  • Cook, J. (2019). A History of the Rothschild Family. https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family, Accessed on 05.05.2019.
  • Eakin, M. (2011). British Policy in Mandate Palestine: Institution Building and the Thwarting of a Palestinian State. http://www.miftah.org/Doc/SpecialStudies/2011/britain.pdf, Accessed on 05.11.2020.
  • Ediz, İ. (2019). A Neoclassical Realist Explanation of the Balfour Declaration and the Origins of the British Foreign Policy in Palestine. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 34(1): 99-122.
  • El-Awaisi, K. and Yiğit, E. (2020). Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain. Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 20(1): 1-18.
  • Fischbach, M. (2008). Jewish Property Claims against Arab Countries. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Forman, G. and Kedar, A. (2003). Colonialism, Colonization, and Land Law in Mandate Palestine: The Zor al-Zarqa and Barrat Qisarya Land Disputes in Historical Perspective. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 4(2): 491-539.
  • Freilich, C. D. (2017). Can Israel Survive Without America? Survival, 59(4):135-150.
  • Glatt, B. (2016). This Day in History: Napoleon in the Holy Land. https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/This-day-in-history-Napoleon-in-the-Holy-Land-446099 Accessed on 02.07.2019.
  • Hadavi, S. (1957). Land Ownership in Palestine. New York: The Palestine Arab Refugee Office.
  • Halbrook, S. P. (1981). The Alienation of a Homeland: How Palestine Became Israel. The Journal of Libertarian Studies, 5(4): 357-374.
  • Hertz, E. E. (2008). This Land is My Land. New York: Myths and Facts.
  • Herzl, T. (1896). The Jewish State. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Hyamson, A. M. (1917). British Projects for the Restoration of the Jews. Leeds: Petty & Sons. Israel Information Center (2004). Herzl and Zionism. Jerusalem: Ahva Press.
  • Jewish Virtual Library (2017). Roots of the U.S.-Israel Relationship. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/roots-of-the-u-s-israel-relationship. Accessed on 20.03.2018.
  • Johnson, P. (2012). Israel: The Miracle. https://israelseen.com/2012/04/26/paul-johnson-israelthe-miracle/, Accessed on 03.05.2019.
  • Katz, S. (1998). Interdependence in U.S.-Israeli Relations. http://www.shmuelkatz.com/Articles/Interdependence_In_US_Israel_Relations.pdf, Accessed on 05.06.2019.
  • Kayyali, A. (1977). Zionism and Imperialism: The Historical Origins. Journal of Palestine Studies, 6(3): 98-112.
  • Khader, B. (2017). The Palestinian Question and the Arabs (1917-2017): Popular Support, Government Stakes. Barcelona: IEMED.
  • Khalidi, R. (2006). The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Kramer, M. (2017). Who Saved Israel in 1947? https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/israelzionism/2017/11/who-saved-israel-in-1947/ Accessed on 12.06.2019.
  • Kleinman, T. (2002). Did the Holocaust Play a Role in the Establishment of the State of Israel? Santa Barbara: UCSB.
  • Knesset (2008). The World Zionist Organization. https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/wzo_eng.htm, Accessed on 07.06.2019.
  • Köse, İ. (2018). The Lloyd George Government of the UK: Balfour Declaration the Promise for A National Home to Jews (1916-1920). Belleten, 82(294): 727-759.
  • Lobell, S. (2010). Structural Realism/Offensive and Defensive Realism. In Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of International Studies, pp. 6651-6669. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • MacDonald, K. (2007). The Israel Lobby: A Case Study in Jewish Influence-The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. The Occidental Quarterly, 7(3):33-37.
  • Makovsky, M. (2017). Churchill's Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft. New Haven and London: Yale University.
  • Mast, N. (2014). The Israel Lobby and US Policy in the Middle East: The Iraq War, The Egyptian Arab Spring, and Iran’s Nuclear Program. Unpublished Honor Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.
  • Mathew, W. (2013). The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate, 1917-1923: British Imperialist Imperatives. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 40(3): 231-250.
  • Mayamey, B. (2010). Zionism: A Critical Account 1897-1948. The Development of Israel and the Exodus of Palestine from A “New Historian” Perspective. POLIS Journal, 4 (Winter):1-34.
  • Mearsheimer, J. & Walt, S. (2006). The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. Cambridge: John F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper Series.
  • Oren, M. B. (2008). Israel is Now America’s Closest Ally. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121011902390872015 Accessed on 10.05. 2019.
  • Rosen, A. (2004). Birobidzhan- The Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region. http://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm, Accessed on 04.11.2020.
  • Rynhold, J. (2015). The Israel Paradox: The Arab-Israeli Conflict in American Political Culture. International Studies Association Annual Conference, New Orleans.
  • Saleh, M.M. (2020). Did Palestinians Sell Their Land? And Leave It the Jews? https://www.alzaytouna.net/wp-content/plugins/extrawatch-pro/components/com_extrawatch/extrawatch.php?origin=frontend&task=ajax&action=download&env=ExtraWatchWordpressEnv&file=english/AcademicArticles/EPA_MohsenSaleh_Pls-People-Land_5-20.pdf, Accessed on 09.11.2020.
  • Samuel, H. (1915). The Future of Palestine, a Memorandum to British Cabinet. Samuel Archives, St. Anthony’s College, Oxford.
  • Saylor Academy (2011). History of Zionism. https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/History-of-Zionism.pdf. Accessed on 15.07.2019.
  • Schölch, A. (1992). Britain in Palestine, 1838-1882: The Roots of the Balfour Policy. Journal of Palestine Studies, 22(1): 39-56.
  • Terry, P. (2017). Britain in Palestine (1917-1948) - Occupation, the Palestine Mandate, and International Law. University of Bologna Law Review, 2(2): 187-251.
  • Time (1938). Religion: Jews' Luck. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760019,00.html, Accessed on 05.11.2020.
  • United Nations (1980). Acquisition of Land in Palestine. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208638/, Accessed on 09.11.2020.
  • Windolf, P. (2009). Das Netzwerk der Jüdischen Wirtschaftselite: Deutschland (1914 – 1938). In Inklusion und Exklusion, Windolf, P. and Stichweh, R. (Eds.), pp. 275-302. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag.
  • Wolffsohn, M. (1993). Eternal Guilt? Forty Years of German-Jewish-Israeli Relations. New York: University Press.
  • Zanotti, J. (2018). Israel: Background and US Relations. Washington: CRS.

İsrail Filistin'de Bir Batı Projesi miydi?

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 189 - 206, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.777767

Abstract

İsrail Filistin'de Bir Batı Projesi miydi?
İsrail, Siyonizm, Manda Sistemi, Filistin, Orta Doğu.

References

  • Al-Arian, S. (2020, 5 November). Interview by Author [Personal interview], Istanbul.
  • Al Sarhan, A. S. (2017). United States Foreign Policy and the Middle East. Open Journal of Political Science, 7:454-472.
  • Bar-On, D., & Adwan, S. (2006). The Prime Shared History Project: Peace-Building Under Fire'. In Educating Toward a Culture of Peace, Iram, Y.(ed.), pp. 309-323. Greenwich: Information Age Publishing.
  • Bardaji, R., Steiner, T. and Cohen, E. (2015). Israel: A Vital Asset of The West. Madrid: Friends of Israel Initiative.
  • Becker, T. (2011). The Claim for Recognition of Israel as a Jewish State. Washington: Washington Institute.
  • Beinin, J. and Hajjar, L. (2014). Palestine, Israel and The Arab-Israeli Conflict. https://web.stanford.edu/group/sper/images/Palestine-Israel_Primer_MERIP.pdf Accessed on 27.05. 2018.
  • Browning, C. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (1991). U. S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East. Cultural Critique, 19 (Autumn): 14-31.
  • Cleveland, W. (2008). A History of the Modern Middle East. In The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel, Cleveland, W. and Bunton, M. (Eds.), pp. 239-271. New York: Routledge.
  • Cook, J. (2019). A History of the Rothschild Family. https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family, Accessed on 05.05.2019.
  • Eakin, M. (2011). British Policy in Mandate Palestine: Institution Building and the Thwarting of a Palestinian State. http://www.miftah.org/Doc/SpecialStudies/2011/britain.pdf, Accessed on 05.11.2020.
  • Ediz, İ. (2019). A Neoclassical Realist Explanation of the Balfour Declaration and the Origins of the British Foreign Policy in Palestine. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 34(1): 99-122.
  • El-Awaisi, K. and Yiğit, E. (2020). Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain. Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 20(1): 1-18.
  • Fischbach, M. (2008). Jewish Property Claims against Arab Countries. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Forman, G. and Kedar, A. (2003). Colonialism, Colonization, and Land Law in Mandate Palestine: The Zor al-Zarqa and Barrat Qisarya Land Disputes in Historical Perspective. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 4(2): 491-539.
  • Freilich, C. D. (2017). Can Israel Survive Without America? Survival, 59(4):135-150.
  • Glatt, B. (2016). This Day in History: Napoleon in the Holy Land. https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/This-day-in-history-Napoleon-in-the-Holy-Land-446099 Accessed on 02.07.2019.
  • Hadavi, S. (1957). Land Ownership in Palestine. New York: The Palestine Arab Refugee Office.
  • Halbrook, S. P. (1981). The Alienation of a Homeland: How Palestine Became Israel. The Journal of Libertarian Studies, 5(4): 357-374.
  • Hertz, E. E. (2008). This Land is My Land. New York: Myths and Facts.
  • Herzl, T. (1896). The Jewish State. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Hyamson, A. M. (1917). British Projects for the Restoration of the Jews. Leeds: Petty & Sons. Israel Information Center (2004). Herzl and Zionism. Jerusalem: Ahva Press.
  • Jewish Virtual Library (2017). Roots of the U.S.-Israel Relationship. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/roots-of-the-u-s-israel-relationship. Accessed on 20.03.2018.
  • Johnson, P. (2012). Israel: The Miracle. https://israelseen.com/2012/04/26/paul-johnson-israelthe-miracle/, Accessed on 03.05.2019.
  • Katz, S. (1998). Interdependence in U.S.-Israeli Relations. http://www.shmuelkatz.com/Articles/Interdependence_In_US_Israel_Relations.pdf, Accessed on 05.06.2019.
  • Kayyali, A. (1977). Zionism and Imperialism: The Historical Origins. Journal of Palestine Studies, 6(3): 98-112.
  • Khader, B. (2017). The Palestinian Question and the Arabs (1917-2017): Popular Support, Government Stakes. Barcelona: IEMED.
  • Khalidi, R. (2006). The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Kramer, M. (2017). Who Saved Israel in 1947? https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/israelzionism/2017/11/who-saved-israel-in-1947/ Accessed on 12.06.2019.
  • Kleinman, T. (2002). Did the Holocaust Play a Role in the Establishment of the State of Israel? Santa Barbara: UCSB.
  • Knesset (2008). The World Zionist Organization. https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/wzo_eng.htm, Accessed on 07.06.2019.
  • Köse, İ. (2018). The Lloyd George Government of the UK: Balfour Declaration the Promise for A National Home to Jews (1916-1920). Belleten, 82(294): 727-759.
  • Lobell, S. (2010). Structural Realism/Offensive and Defensive Realism. In Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of International Studies, pp. 6651-6669. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • MacDonald, K. (2007). The Israel Lobby: A Case Study in Jewish Influence-The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. The Occidental Quarterly, 7(3):33-37.
  • Makovsky, M. (2017). Churchill's Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft. New Haven and London: Yale University.
  • Mast, N. (2014). The Israel Lobby and US Policy in the Middle East: The Iraq War, The Egyptian Arab Spring, and Iran’s Nuclear Program. Unpublished Honor Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.
  • Mathew, W. (2013). The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate, 1917-1923: British Imperialist Imperatives. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 40(3): 231-250.
  • Mayamey, B. (2010). Zionism: A Critical Account 1897-1948. The Development of Israel and the Exodus of Palestine from A “New Historian” Perspective. POLIS Journal, 4 (Winter):1-34.
  • Mearsheimer, J. & Walt, S. (2006). The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. Cambridge: John F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper Series.
  • Oren, M. B. (2008). Israel is Now America’s Closest Ally. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121011902390872015 Accessed on 10.05. 2019.
  • Rosen, A. (2004). Birobidzhan- The Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region. http://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm, Accessed on 04.11.2020.
  • Rynhold, J. (2015). The Israel Paradox: The Arab-Israeli Conflict in American Political Culture. International Studies Association Annual Conference, New Orleans.
  • Saleh, M.M. (2020). Did Palestinians Sell Their Land? And Leave It the Jews? https://www.alzaytouna.net/wp-content/plugins/extrawatch-pro/components/com_extrawatch/extrawatch.php?origin=frontend&task=ajax&action=download&env=ExtraWatchWordpressEnv&file=english/AcademicArticles/EPA_MohsenSaleh_Pls-People-Land_5-20.pdf, Accessed on 09.11.2020.
  • Samuel, H. (1915). The Future of Palestine, a Memorandum to British Cabinet. Samuel Archives, St. Anthony’s College, Oxford.
  • Saylor Academy (2011). History of Zionism. https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/History-of-Zionism.pdf. Accessed on 15.07.2019.
  • Schölch, A. (1992). Britain in Palestine, 1838-1882: The Roots of the Balfour Policy. Journal of Palestine Studies, 22(1): 39-56.
  • Terry, P. (2017). Britain in Palestine (1917-1948) - Occupation, the Palestine Mandate, and International Law. University of Bologna Law Review, 2(2): 187-251.
  • Time (1938). Religion: Jews' Luck. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760019,00.html, Accessed on 05.11.2020.
  • United Nations (1980). Acquisition of Land in Palestine. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208638/, Accessed on 09.11.2020.
  • Windolf, P. (2009). Das Netzwerk der Jüdischen Wirtschaftselite: Deutschland (1914 – 1938). In Inklusion und Exklusion, Windolf, P. and Stichweh, R. (Eds.), pp. 275-302. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag.
  • Wolffsohn, M. (1993). Eternal Guilt? Forty Years of German-Jewish-Israeli Relations. New York: University Press.
  • Zanotti, J. (2018). Israel: Background and US Relations. Washington: CRS.

هل "إسرائيل" مشروع غربي في فلسطين؟

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 189 - 206, 15.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.777767

Abstract

هل "إسرائيل" مشروع غربي في فلسطين؟
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى البحث في مدى تأثير القوى الغربية أو الصهونية في تأسيس "إسرائيل". تحاجج الدراسة بأن إسرائيل تأسست على يد القوى الغربية، بينما لا تتجاهل الدور الجزئي ولكن المهم للصهاينة الذين سعوا إلى وطن لليهود. حيث احتاج الغرب إلى وطن لليهود من أجل الاستفادة من الثروة المالية لليهود، مع هدف إبعاد اليهود من بلادهم لإنزعاجهم من وجود الجالية اليهودية. من ناحية أخرى، كانت المنظمة الصهيونية العالمية، بدافع القومية وايضا بدافع معاداة السامية، رائدة في فكرة الوطن القومي اليهودي وحاولت إقناع القادة الغربيين بإمكانية إقامة وطن في فلسطين. بينما كان الضغط الصهيوني مؤثرًا، لا يمكن القول أنهم كانوا سيؤسسون إسرائيل بدون مساعدة واذن من الدول الغربية، وعلى وجه الخصوص بريطانيا. تهدف الدراسة إلى الكشف عن الأدوار الخارجية في بناء دولة الإحتلال من خلال تحليل حالة إسرائيل. ومن الناحية المنهجية تم استخدام كل من البحثين الكمي والنوعي في هذه الدراسة.

References

  • Al-Arian, S. (2020, 5 November). Interview by Author [Personal interview], Istanbul.
  • Al Sarhan, A. S. (2017). United States Foreign Policy and the Middle East. Open Journal of Political Science, 7:454-472.
  • Bar-On, D., & Adwan, S. (2006). The Prime Shared History Project: Peace-Building Under Fire'. In Educating Toward a Culture of Peace, Iram, Y.(ed.), pp. 309-323. Greenwich: Information Age Publishing.
  • Bardaji, R., Steiner, T. and Cohen, E. (2015). Israel: A Vital Asset of The West. Madrid: Friends of Israel Initiative.
  • Becker, T. (2011). The Claim for Recognition of Israel as a Jewish State. Washington: Washington Institute.
  • Beinin, J. and Hajjar, L. (2014). Palestine, Israel and The Arab-Israeli Conflict. https://web.stanford.edu/group/sper/images/Palestine-Israel_Primer_MERIP.pdf Accessed on 27.05. 2018.
  • Browning, C. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (1991). U. S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East. Cultural Critique, 19 (Autumn): 14-31.
  • Cleveland, W. (2008). A History of the Modern Middle East. In The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel, Cleveland, W. and Bunton, M. (Eds.), pp. 239-271. New York: Routledge.
  • Cook, J. (2019). A History of the Rothschild Family. https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family, Accessed on 05.05.2019.
  • Eakin, M. (2011). British Policy in Mandate Palestine: Institution Building and the Thwarting of a Palestinian State. http://www.miftah.org/Doc/SpecialStudies/2011/britain.pdf, Accessed on 05.11.2020.
  • Ediz, İ. (2019). A Neoclassical Realist Explanation of the Balfour Declaration and the Origins of the British Foreign Policy in Palestine. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 34(1): 99-122.
  • El-Awaisi, K. and Yiğit, E. (2020). Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain. Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 20(1): 1-18.
  • Fischbach, M. (2008). Jewish Property Claims against Arab Countries. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Forman, G. and Kedar, A. (2003). Colonialism, Colonization, and Land Law in Mandate Palestine: The Zor al-Zarqa and Barrat Qisarya Land Disputes in Historical Perspective. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 4(2): 491-539.
  • Freilich, C. D. (2017). Can Israel Survive Without America? Survival, 59(4):135-150.
  • Glatt, B. (2016). This Day in History: Napoleon in the Holy Land. https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/This-day-in-history-Napoleon-in-the-Holy-Land-446099 Accessed on 02.07.2019.
  • Hadavi, S. (1957). Land Ownership in Palestine. New York: The Palestine Arab Refugee Office.
  • Halbrook, S. P. (1981). The Alienation of a Homeland: How Palestine Became Israel. The Journal of Libertarian Studies, 5(4): 357-374.
  • Hertz, E. E. (2008). This Land is My Land. New York: Myths and Facts.
  • Herzl, T. (1896). The Jewish State. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Hyamson, A. M. (1917). British Projects for the Restoration of the Jews. Leeds: Petty & Sons. Israel Information Center (2004). Herzl and Zionism. Jerusalem: Ahva Press.
  • Jewish Virtual Library (2017). Roots of the U.S.-Israel Relationship. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/roots-of-the-u-s-israel-relationship. Accessed on 20.03.2018.
  • Johnson, P. (2012). Israel: The Miracle. https://israelseen.com/2012/04/26/paul-johnson-israelthe-miracle/, Accessed on 03.05.2019.
  • Katz, S. (1998). Interdependence in U.S.-Israeli Relations. http://www.shmuelkatz.com/Articles/Interdependence_In_US_Israel_Relations.pdf, Accessed on 05.06.2019.
  • Kayyali, A. (1977). Zionism and Imperialism: The Historical Origins. Journal of Palestine Studies, 6(3): 98-112.
  • Khader, B. (2017). The Palestinian Question and the Arabs (1917-2017): Popular Support, Government Stakes. Barcelona: IEMED.
  • Khalidi, R. (2006). The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Kramer, M. (2017). Who Saved Israel in 1947? https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/israelzionism/2017/11/who-saved-israel-in-1947/ Accessed on 12.06.2019.
  • Kleinman, T. (2002). Did the Holocaust Play a Role in the Establishment of the State of Israel? Santa Barbara: UCSB.
  • Knesset (2008). The World Zionist Organization. https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/wzo_eng.htm, Accessed on 07.06.2019.
  • Köse, İ. (2018). The Lloyd George Government of the UK: Balfour Declaration the Promise for A National Home to Jews (1916-1920). Belleten, 82(294): 727-759.
  • Lobell, S. (2010). Structural Realism/Offensive and Defensive Realism. In Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of International Studies, pp. 6651-6669. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • MacDonald, K. (2007). The Israel Lobby: A Case Study in Jewish Influence-The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. The Occidental Quarterly, 7(3):33-37.
  • Makovsky, M. (2017). Churchill's Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft. New Haven and London: Yale University.
  • Mast, N. (2014). The Israel Lobby and US Policy in the Middle East: The Iraq War, The Egyptian Arab Spring, and Iran’s Nuclear Program. Unpublished Honor Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.
  • Mathew, W. (2013). The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate, 1917-1923: British Imperialist Imperatives. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 40(3): 231-250.
  • Mayamey, B. (2010). Zionism: A Critical Account 1897-1948. The Development of Israel and the Exodus of Palestine from A “New Historian” Perspective. POLIS Journal, 4 (Winter):1-34.
  • Mearsheimer, J. & Walt, S. (2006). The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. Cambridge: John F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper Series.
  • Oren, M. B. (2008). Israel is Now America’s Closest Ally. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121011902390872015 Accessed on 10.05. 2019.
  • Rosen, A. (2004). Birobidzhan- The Almost Soviet Jewish Autonomous Region. http://www.jewishmag.com/75mag/birobidzhan/birobidzhan.htm, Accessed on 04.11.2020.
  • Rynhold, J. (2015). The Israel Paradox: The Arab-Israeli Conflict in American Political Culture. International Studies Association Annual Conference, New Orleans.
  • Saleh, M.M. (2020). Did Palestinians Sell Their Land? And Leave It the Jews? https://www.alzaytouna.net/wp-content/plugins/extrawatch-pro/components/com_extrawatch/extrawatch.php?origin=frontend&task=ajax&action=download&env=ExtraWatchWordpressEnv&file=english/AcademicArticles/EPA_MohsenSaleh_Pls-People-Land_5-20.pdf, Accessed on 09.11.2020.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İbrahim Karataş

Publication Date December 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karataş, İ. (2020). Was Israel a Western Project in Palestine?. Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 20(2), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.777767

ISSN:1367-1936, e-ISSN:2514-6009

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