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Aşırı Sağ Terör Gruplarında Kadınlar: Geleneksel Kimliklere Meydan Okumak mı? Geleneksel Kimlikleri Sürdürmek mi?

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: Prof. Dr. Muammer ERDOĞAN Anısına Kongre Özel Sayısı, 179 - 200, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1253156

Abstract

Geleneksel terörizm çalışmalarında failler ve eylemleri eril bir çerçevede ele alınmaktadır. Bu durum literatürün önemli bir kısmında terörist olanın sadece erkek olduğu algısının hâkim olmasına neden olmuştur. Özünde klasik savaş anlatılarına dayanan bu tezahürler; barışçıl, kırılgan ve savaşlardan korunması gereken kurban kadın profiline karşı; savaşçı, cesur, kadını koruyan erkek profili algısı toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin devam etmesine imkân tanımıştır. Böylelikle bu mevcut algı birçok kültürde kadının şiddete ve terörizme kanalize olamayacağı şeklindeki cinsiyetçi algıyı şekillendirmiştir. 9/11 terör saldırılarından sonra benzer bir bakış açısı aşırıcılık ve radikalleşme konularında da yaşanmıştır. Kişilerin radikalleşmesine, örgütlere kanalize olmasına imkân tanıyan hususlar arasında birçok faktör ele alınmasına rağmen cinsiyet, toplumsal cinsiyet sıklıkla ihmal edilmektedir. Fakat uluslararası siyaset arenasında “kadınların nerede” olduğu sorusunun yanıtlarını arayan feminist akademisyenler, en nihayetinde toplumsal cinsiyet algılarını adeta yapısöküme uğratan, terörist stratejiyi benimseyen kadınları gün yüzüne çıkarmanın önemi üzerinde durmuştur. Her ne kadar akademik yazında yeteri kadar araştırma konusu olmasalar da coğrafi bir sınır olmadan etnik bölücü, Marksist-Leninist, dini temelli, ekoterörizm ve aşırı sağ gibi çok çeşitli gruplarda terörizme bulaşan kadınlar yer almaktadır.
Eril, beyaz ırkçı, Yahudi, Müslüman ve yabancı düşmanlığı, göçmen karşıtı gibi çeşitli ideolojilerle hareket eden ve Batı dünyasında gittikçe artan eylemleriyle göze çarpan aşırı sağcı yapıların ideolojilerinin bir ayağında da kadın düşmanlığı yer almaktadır. Kadın düşmanı ve anti-feminist söylemlerine rağmen birçok kadının çeşitli rollerle aşırı sağcı örgütlerde yer aldığı görülmektedir. Toplumsal cinsiyet ve terörizmin kesişimselliğini belirgin bir şekilde kabul eden bu araştırma açıkça şu soruları yanıtlama gayesi gütmektedir: “Anti-feminist, kadın düşmanı aşırıcı sağcı yapılarda kadınlık ne ifade etmektedir?” “Kadınlar bu yapılarda hangi rollerde yer almaktadır?”. Anti-feminist, anti-toplumsal cinsiyet, kadın düşmanlığı anlatıları yalnızca erkeklerin radikalleşmesine ve teröre kanalize olmasına hizmet etmekle kalmamaktadır. Söz konusu bu çalışma, feminist merak ve Eleştirel Terörizm Çalışmalarının kesişim noktasından esinlenerek terörizm sorunsalını kadın ve toplumsal cinsiyet merkezinde ele almaktadır.

References

  • Ahall, L., (2015). Sexing War/Policing Gender Motherhood, Myth and Women’s Political Violence. Routledge.
  • Alison, M. (2011). Women, Gender, and the Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam. L. Sjoberg ve C. E. Gentry (Ed.), Women, Gender, and Terrorism. 131-155.
  • Anderson, W. K. Z. (2018). Unmasking white nationalist women’s digital design through an intersectional analysis of contained agency. Communication Culture & Critique 11(1), 116–132.
  • Banks, C. (2019). Introduction: women, gender, and terrorism: gendering terrorism. Women & Criminal Justice, 29(6), 181-187.
  • Beckman, L. J. (2014). Training in feminist research methodology: doing research on the margins. Women & Therapy, 37: 1-2, 164-177.
  • Blee, K. M. (2002). Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
  • Blee, K. M. (2008). Women and Organized Racial Terrorism in the United States. C. D. Ness (Ed.). Female Terrorism and Militancy Agency, Utility, and Organization. Routledge, 201-216.
  • Brown, K. E. ,(2016). Marginality As a Feminist Research Method in Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies. P. Dixit & J.L. Stump (Ed.). Critical Methods in Terrorism Studies. Routledge, 2016, 137-149.
  • Castle, T. (2012). Morrigan rising: exploring female-targeted propaganda on hate group websites. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 15(6), 679–694.
  • Eage, P. W. (2008). From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists Women and Political Violence. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Enloe, C. (1996). Margins, Silences and Bottom Rungs: How to Overcome the Underestimation of Power in International Relations. K. Booth, S. Smith ve M. Zalewski (Ed.). International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 186–202.
  • Enloe, C. (2003). Muzlar, Plajlar ve Askeri Üsler: Feminist Bakış Açısından Uluslararası Siyaset, (Çev. Berna Kurt & Ece Aydın), İstanbul: Çitlembik Yayınları.
  • Erlenbusch, V. (2016). Terrorism: Knowledge, Power, Subjectivity. P. Dixit & J. L. Stump (Ed.). Critical Methods in Terrorism Studies. Routledge, 2016,108- 120.
  • Gentry, C. & Sjoberg, L. (2016). Female Terrorism and Militancy. R. Jackson (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies. Routledge, 313-337.
  • Gentry, C. E. (2012). Thinking about women, violence, and agency. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 14 (1). 79–82.
  • Gentry, C. E. (2016). Chechen Political Violence as Desperation What Feminist Discourse Analysis Reveals. A. T.R. Wibben (Ed.). Feminist Methods, Ethics and Politics. Routledge, 19-37.
  • Gentry, C. E. (2022). Misogynistic terrorism: it has always been here. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(1). 209-224.
  • Jackson, R. (2012). The study of terrorism 10 years after 9/11: successes, issues, challenges, Uluslararası İlişkiler. 8(32). 1-16.
  • Jackson, R. (Ed.). (2016). Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies. Routledge.
  • Jackson, R., Smyth, M. B. & Gunning, J. (Ed.). (2009). Critical Terrorism Studies: A new Research Agenda. Routledge.
  • Jarvis, L. (2016). Critical Terrorism Studies After 9/11. R. Jackson (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, Routledge, s.68-91.
  • Koronaiou, A. & Sakellariou, A. (2017). Women and golden dawn: reproducing the nationalist habitus. Gender and Education, 29(2), 1-18.
  • Latif, M., Blee, K., DeMichele, M. & Simi, P. (2020) Do white supremacist women adopt movement archetypes of mother, whore, and fighter?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759264
  • MacKenzie, M. (2010). Securitization and De-securitization Female Soldiers and the Reconstruction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone. L. Sjoberg (Ed.). Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 151-167.
  • Marcks, H., & Pawelz, J. (2020). From myths of victimhood to fantasies of violence: how far-right narratives of imperilment work. Terrorism and Political Violence. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1788544.
  • Matfess, H., & Margolin, D. (2022). The Women of January 6th: A Gendered Analysis of the 21st Century American Far-Right. Program on Extremism (Report), The George Washington University.
  • McEvoy, S. (2010). Loyalist Women Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland Beginning a Feminist Conversation about Conflict Resolution. Laura Sjoberg (Ed.). Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 129-150.
  • Parashar, S. (2010). Women, Militancy, and Security the South Asian Conundrum., L. Sjoberg (Ed.). Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 168-187.
  • Parashar, S. (2014). Women and Militant Wars: The politics of Injury. Routledge.
  • Parashar, S. (2016). Women and the Matrix of Violence: A Study of the Maoist Insurgency in India. A. T.R. Wibben (Ed.). Feminist Methods, Ethics and Politics. Routledge, 38-56.
  • Phelan, A. (2020). Special issue introduction for terrorism, gender and women: toward an integrated research agenda. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759252
  • Sjoberg, L. (2009). Feminist interrogations of terrorism/terrorism studies. International Relations, 23(1), 69–74.
  • Sjoberg, L. (2011). The Study of Women, Gender, and Terrorism. L. Sjoberg ve C. E. Gentry (Ed.). Women, Gender, and Terrorism. London: The University of Georgia Press, 227-239.
  • Sjoberg, L. (2015). Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Savaş ve Çatışma: Savaşın Feminist Teorisi, Onur Aydın (Çev.). İstanbul: Altın Bilek Yayınları.
  • Sjoberg, L., & Gentry, C. E. (2016). It’s complicated: looking closely at women in violent extremism. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 17(2), 23-30.
  • Skoczylis, J., & Andrews, S. (2022). strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: the impact of gender, life experiences and the internet. Critical Studies on Terrorism. 15(1), 143–168.
  • Stone, J., & Pattillo, K. (2011). Al-Qaeda’s Use of Female Suicide Bombers in Iraq. L. Sjoberg ve C. Gentry (Ed.). Women, Gender, and Terrorism. Georgia: University of Georgia Press Athens
  • Sylvester, C. (2010). War, Sense, and Security. L. Sjoberg (Ed.). Gender and International Security Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 24-37.
  • Wilson, C., (2020). Nostalgia, entitlement and victimhood: the synergy of white genocide and misogyny. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(8), 1-16.

Women in Far-Right Terrorist Groups: Challenging or Perpetuating Traditional Identities?

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: Prof. Dr. Muammer ERDOĞAN Anısına Kongre Özel Sayısı, 179 - 200, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1253156

Abstract

In traditional terrorism studies, the perpetrators and the act are treated in a masculine framework. The academic literature reflected stereotypical gender beliefs; consequently a significant percentage of it gave the impression that terrorists are exclusively men. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, a similar perspective on extremism and radicalization was experienced. While discussing many factors as enablers of radicalization and recruitment, gender is often neglected in terrorism studies. However, feminist scholars searching for answers to the question of "where women are" in the international political arena have emphasized the importance of unearthing women who ultimately deconstruct gender perceptions and adopt terrorist strategies.
Misogyny is a pillar of the ideologies of far-right extremist structures, which act with various ideologies such as masculine, white supremacist, Jewish, Muslim, xenophobic and anti-immigrant, and which stand out with their increasing actions in the Western world. Despite their misogynistic and anti-feminist rhetoric, it is seen that many women engage in far-right organizations with their various roles. This research, which explicitly acknowledges the intersectionality of gender and terrorism, explicitly seeks to answer these questions: “What does femininity mean in anti-feminist, misogynistic far-right structures” and “What roles do women play in these structures?”. Inspired by the intersection of feminist curiosity and Critical Terrorism Studies, this study addresses the problem of terrorism at the center of women and gender.

References

  • Ahall, L., (2015). Sexing War/Policing Gender Motherhood, Myth and Women’s Political Violence. Routledge.
  • Alison, M. (2011). Women, Gender, and the Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam. L. Sjoberg ve C. E. Gentry (Ed.), Women, Gender, and Terrorism. 131-155.
  • Anderson, W. K. Z. (2018). Unmasking white nationalist women’s digital design through an intersectional analysis of contained agency. Communication Culture & Critique 11(1), 116–132.
  • Banks, C. (2019). Introduction: women, gender, and terrorism: gendering terrorism. Women & Criminal Justice, 29(6), 181-187.
  • Beckman, L. J. (2014). Training in feminist research methodology: doing research on the margins. Women & Therapy, 37: 1-2, 164-177.
  • Blee, K. M. (2002). Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
  • Blee, K. M. (2008). Women and Organized Racial Terrorism in the United States. C. D. Ness (Ed.). Female Terrorism and Militancy Agency, Utility, and Organization. Routledge, 201-216.
  • Brown, K. E. ,(2016). Marginality As a Feminist Research Method in Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies. P. Dixit & J.L. Stump (Ed.). Critical Methods in Terrorism Studies. Routledge, 2016, 137-149.
  • Castle, T. (2012). Morrigan rising: exploring female-targeted propaganda on hate group websites. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 15(6), 679–694.
  • Eage, P. W. (2008). From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists Women and Political Violence. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Enloe, C. (1996). Margins, Silences and Bottom Rungs: How to Overcome the Underestimation of Power in International Relations. K. Booth, S. Smith ve M. Zalewski (Ed.). International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 186–202.
  • Enloe, C. (2003). Muzlar, Plajlar ve Askeri Üsler: Feminist Bakış Açısından Uluslararası Siyaset, (Çev. Berna Kurt & Ece Aydın), İstanbul: Çitlembik Yayınları.
  • Erlenbusch, V. (2016). Terrorism: Knowledge, Power, Subjectivity. P. Dixit & J. L. Stump (Ed.). Critical Methods in Terrorism Studies. Routledge, 2016,108- 120.
  • Gentry, C. & Sjoberg, L. (2016). Female Terrorism and Militancy. R. Jackson (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies. Routledge, 313-337.
  • Gentry, C. E. (2012). Thinking about women, violence, and agency. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 14 (1). 79–82.
  • Gentry, C. E. (2016). Chechen Political Violence as Desperation What Feminist Discourse Analysis Reveals. A. T.R. Wibben (Ed.). Feminist Methods, Ethics and Politics. Routledge, 19-37.
  • Gentry, C. E. (2022). Misogynistic terrorism: it has always been here. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(1). 209-224.
  • Jackson, R. (2012). The study of terrorism 10 years after 9/11: successes, issues, challenges, Uluslararası İlişkiler. 8(32). 1-16.
  • Jackson, R. (Ed.). (2016). Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies. Routledge.
  • Jackson, R., Smyth, M. B. & Gunning, J. (Ed.). (2009). Critical Terrorism Studies: A new Research Agenda. Routledge.
  • Jarvis, L. (2016). Critical Terrorism Studies After 9/11. R. Jackson (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, Routledge, s.68-91.
  • Koronaiou, A. & Sakellariou, A. (2017). Women and golden dawn: reproducing the nationalist habitus. Gender and Education, 29(2), 1-18.
  • Latif, M., Blee, K., DeMichele, M. & Simi, P. (2020) Do white supremacist women adopt movement archetypes of mother, whore, and fighter?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759264
  • MacKenzie, M. (2010). Securitization and De-securitization Female Soldiers and the Reconstruction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone. L. Sjoberg (Ed.). Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 151-167.
  • Marcks, H., & Pawelz, J. (2020). From myths of victimhood to fantasies of violence: how far-right narratives of imperilment work. Terrorism and Political Violence. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1788544.
  • Matfess, H., & Margolin, D. (2022). The Women of January 6th: A Gendered Analysis of the 21st Century American Far-Right. Program on Extremism (Report), The George Washington University.
  • McEvoy, S. (2010). Loyalist Women Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland Beginning a Feminist Conversation about Conflict Resolution. Laura Sjoberg (Ed.). Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 129-150.
  • Parashar, S. (2010). Women, Militancy, and Security the South Asian Conundrum., L. Sjoberg (Ed.). Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 168-187.
  • Parashar, S. (2014). Women and Militant Wars: The politics of Injury. Routledge.
  • Parashar, S. (2016). Women and the Matrix of Violence: A Study of the Maoist Insurgency in India. A. T.R. Wibben (Ed.). Feminist Methods, Ethics and Politics. Routledge, 38-56.
  • Phelan, A. (2020). Special issue introduction for terrorism, gender and women: toward an integrated research agenda. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759252
  • Sjoberg, L. (2009). Feminist interrogations of terrorism/terrorism studies. International Relations, 23(1), 69–74.
  • Sjoberg, L. (2011). The Study of Women, Gender, and Terrorism. L. Sjoberg ve C. E. Gentry (Ed.). Women, Gender, and Terrorism. London: The University of Georgia Press, 227-239.
  • Sjoberg, L. (2015). Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Savaş ve Çatışma: Savaşın Feminist Teorisi, Onur Aydın (Çev.). İstanbul: Altın Bilek Yayınları.
  • Sjoberg, L., & Gentry, C. E. (2016). It’s complicated: looking closely at women in violent extremism. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 17(2), 23-30.
  • Skoczylis, J., & Andrews, S. (2022). strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: the impact of gender, life experiences and the internet. Critical Studies on Terrorism. 15(1), 143–168.
  • Stone, J., & Pattillo, K. (2011). Al-Qaeda’s Use of Female Suicide Bombers in Iraq. L. Sjoberg ve C. Gentry (Ed.). Women, Gender, and Terrorism. Georgia: University of Georgia Press Athens
  • Sylvester, C. (2010). War, Sense, and Security. L. Sjoberg (Ed.). Gender and International Security Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 24-37.
  • Wilson, C., (2020). Nostalgia, entitlement and victimhood: the synergy of white genocide and misogyny. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(8), 1-16.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Seda Çolakoğlu 0000-0002-3267-5315

Early Pub Date March 29, 2023
Publication Date March 29, 2023
Submission Date February 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: Prof. Dr. Muammer ERDOĞAN Anısına Kongre Özel Sayısı

Cite

APA Çolakoğlu, S. (2023). Aşırı Sağ Terör Gruplarında Kadınlar: Geleneksel Kimliklere Meydan Okumak mı? Geleneksel Kimlikleri Sürdürmek mi?. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(Prof. Dr. Muammer ERDOĞAN Anısına Kongre Özel Sayısı), 179-200. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1253156


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