Topografik Özellikleri Kullanarak Arazi Morfolojisi Analizi: Uşak Ulubey Kanyonu Örneği

Abstract

Yeryüzü şekilleri, geçmişte fizyografik ve morfometrik haritalar el yöntemleri ile çizilerek konumsal teknolojilerin gelişmesiyle arazi formlarının otomatik üretilmesi, veri tabanlarında depolanması kolaylaşarak, jeomorfoloji, toprak, ekoloji, peyzaj mimarlığı gibi fiziki planlarla ilgilenen pek çok bilim dalı tarafından daha etkin kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Ulubey Kanyonlarının arazi formlarını Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri aracılığıyla Topografik Pozisyon İndeksi (TPI) ile morfolojik analizler yaparak sınıflandırmak amaçlanmıştır. Uşak Ulubey Kanyonu, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri‘nin Arizona eyaletinde bulunan Büyük Kanyon’dan (Grand Canyon) sonra dünyanın en büyük ikinci kanyonu unvanına sahiptir. Uşak‘ın Ulubey ilçesinde yer alan kanyon, Ulubey ve Banaz çayları boyunca devam eden bir ana kanyon ve buna bağlanan onlarca büyük yan kanyonlardan oluşmaktadır. Morfolojik sınıflandırmaların oluşturulmasında 30 m çözünürlükte ASTER Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (SYM) kullanılmıştır. Arazi morfolojisinin oluşturulmasında SYM verilerinden üretilen eğim, eğrisellik, yükseklik farkı, topografik açıklık vb. morfolojik parametreler kullanılmaktadır. TPI hesaplanmasında kullanılan Jennes algoritması, en küçük kareleri kullanarak belirlenen pencere boyutuna ikinci dereceden bir polinom yerleştirerek çok ölçekli bir yaklaşım kullanmaktadır. Araştırmada farklı ölçekteki SYM verileri için 300 m ve 2000 m pencere genişliği kullanılarak sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Oluşturulan morfolojk sınıflar kanyonlar, sığ vadiler, yaylalar, tabanlı vadiler, ovalar, açık yamaçlar, dik yamaçlar, vadilerde tepeler, orta eğimli sırtlar veya ovalardaki küçük tepeler, zirveler olmak üzere 10 sınıfta toplanmaktadır.

Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bilgiler, farklı özelliklere sahip arazi değişkenleri (toprak, bitki örtüsü, yükseklik vb.) için doğal sınırlar olarak kabul edilen yüzey morfolojisinin sınıflandırılması özellikle arazi bozulması ve jeomorfolojide belirlenmesinde faydalı olacaktır.

Keywords

• arazi formu,Ulubey kanyonu,topografik pozisyon indeksi,CBS

Landform Analysis using Topographic Characteristics: An Example of Usak Ulubey Canyon

Abstract

Earth shapes, physiographic and morphometric maps have been drawn by hand in the past. With the development of spatial technologies, automatic production of landforms and storage in databases has become easier and has been used more effectively by many disciplines interested in physical plans such as geomorphology, soil, ecology and landscape planning. This study aims to classify the landforms of Ulubey Canyons by morphological analysis with Topographic Positions Index (TPI) using Geographical Information Systems. Usak Ulubey Canyon is the second largest canyon in the world after the Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA. The canyon, located in the Ulubey district of Usak, consists of a main canyon along the Ulubey and Banaz streams and dozens of large side canyons connected to it. ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 30 m resolution was used to form the morphological classifications. Morphological parameters such as slope, curvature, height difference, topographic aperture, etc. are used to generate the land morphology. The Jennes algorithm used in the TPI calculation uses a multi-scale approach by placing a quadratic polynomial in the specified window size using the least squares. In this study, 300 m and 2000 m window widths were combined for landform classification. The morphological classes are classified into 10 class including i) canyons, deeply incised streams ii) mid-slope drainages, shallow valleys iii) upland drainages, headwaters iv) U-shape valleys v) plains vi) open slopes vii) upper slopes, mesas viii) local ridges/hills in valleys ix) mid-slope ridges, small hills in plains x) mountain tops, high ridges. The information obtained from this study, classification of surface morphology considered as natural boundaries for land variables (soil, vegetation, height, etc.) with different characteristics will be useful in determining land degradation and geomorphology.

Keywords

• Landform,Ulubey canyon,topographic position index,GIS

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