Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Ahıska Türklerinde Türkçe-Rusça Kod Değiştirme Deseni ve Temel Dil Çerçeve Modeli

Year 2022, , 183 - 209, 27.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10307

Abstract

Ahıska Türkleri, 1944’te Sovyet Gürcistan’daki anavatanlarından Asya’daki Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerine sürüldükten sonraki 75 yıl içinde çok dilli bir topluma evrilmiştir. Ahıska Türkleri, iletişimlerinde Türkçe ve Rusça dil çiftini kullanmaktadır. Günlük iletişimlerinde kod değiştirme stratejilerine başvurmaktadır. Ahıska Türklerinde Türkçe-Rusça kod değiştirme örüntüsü iki dilli iletişim bağlamında dil bilimsel olarak analiz edilmemiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, Ahıska Türklerini farklı bir bağlamda incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu kapsamda Ahıska Türklerinin komedi grubu Miko Şov’un Bişkek gösterisi incelenmiş ve kod değiştirme durumunu yansıtılmaya çalışılmıştır. Veriler Temel Dil Çerçeve Modeline göre isim, sıfat, edat, fiil ve zarf başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Rusça ile iletişime geçen diğer Türk toplulukları ile benzer stratejilerin izlendiği tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Ahmed, Oktay. “Copied Verbs in Turkish Dialects of Macedonia.” The Uppsala Meeting, ed. Eva Csato, Birsel Karakoç, and Astrid Menz, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2016, pp. 9-18.
  • Aqtay, Gulayhan. “Adjectives in Modern Kazakh.” Turkey, Kazakhstan and the Crimea: Ten Years of Turkology in Poznan, ed. Henryk Jankowski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2013, pp. 37-47.
  • Auer, Peter, and Raihan Muhamedova. “Embedded Language and Matrix language in Insertational Language Mixing: Some Problematic Cases.” Rivista di Linguistica, vol. 17, no. 1, 2005, pp. 35-54.
  • Aydıngün, Ayşegül. “Creating, Recreating and Redefining Ethnic Identity: Ahıska/ Meskhetian Turks in Soviet and Post-Soviet Contexts.” Central Asian Survey, vol. 21, no. 2, 2002, pp. 185-197.
  • Aydıngün, Ayşegül, et al. Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to Their History, Culture, and Resettlement Experiences. Cultural Orientation Resource Center-Culture Profile. 2006.
  • Backus, Ad. Patterns of Language Mixing. Harrasowitz Werlag, 1992.
  • Backus, Ad. Two in One. Tilburg University Press, 1996.
  • Backus, Ad. “Codeswitching as One Piece of the Puzzle of Language Exchange.” Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code-switching, ed. Ludmila Isurin, Donald Winford, and Kees de Bot, John Benjamin Publishing, 2009, pp. 307-336.
  • Dunn, John, and Shamil Khairov. Modern Russian Grammar. Routledge, 2009.
  • Forker, Diana. “Sanzhi-Russian Code-switching and the Matrix Language Frame Model.” International Journal of Bilingualism, no. 23, 2019, pp. 1448-1468.
  • Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. Code-switching. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Grosjean, François. “The Bilingual’s Language Modes.” One Mind, Two Languages: Bilingual Language Processing, ed. Janet Nicol. Blackwell, 2001, pp. 1-22.
  • Haugen, Einar. “The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing.” The Ecology of Language, ed. Anwar S. Dill. Stanford University Press, 1972, pp. 79-109.
  • İnan, Kayhan. “Bilingualism, Language Choice, and Language Loyalty in Ahıska Turks in Kyrgyzstan in Terms of the Generation Variable.” TEKE, vol. 9, no. 4, 2020, pp. 1557-1580.
  • Jankowski, Henryk. “Kazakh in Contact with Russian in Modern Kazakhstan.” Turkic Languages, no. 16, 2012, pp. 25-67.
  • Johanson, Lars. Türkçe Dil İlişkilerinde Yapısal Etkenler. ed. Nurettin Demir, Türk Dil Kurumu, 2007.
  • Johanson, Lars. “Remodeling Grammar Copying, Conventionalization, Grammaticalization.” Language Contact and Contact Languages, ed. Peter Siemund, and Noemi Kintana, John Benjamins, 2008, pp. 61-79.
  • Killi Yılmaz, Gülsüm. “Khakassian-Russian Code-switching in the Stories by Ilya Topoyev.” Journal of Modern Turkish Studies, no. 11, 2014, pp. 208-234.
  • Kreindler, Isabelle. “The Soviet Deported Nationalities: A Summary and an Update.” Soviet Studies, vol. 38, no. 3, 1986, pp. 387-405.
  • MacSwan, Jeff. “Codeswitching and Generative Grammar: A Critique of the MLF Model and Some Remarks on Modified Minimalism.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, vol. 8, no. 1, 2005, pp. 1- 22.
  • Matras, Yaron. Language Contact. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Menz, Astrid. “Slavic Language Influence on Gagauz.” bilig, vol. 24, 2003, pp. 23-44.
  • Muhamedova, Raihan. “Remarks on the Kazakh Discourse Marker žaŋaγï.” Trans-Turkic Studies, ed. Matthias Kappler, Mark Kirchner, and Peter Ziem, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi, 2010, pp. 441-454.
  • Muysken, Pieter. Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. “Comparing Codeswitching and Borrowing.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, no. 13, 1992, pp. 19-39.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. “Constructing the Frame in Intrasentential Codeswitching.” Multilingua, vol. 11, no. 1, 1992, pp. 101-127.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. Dueling Languages. Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol, and Janice Jake. “A Universal Model of Code-switching and Bilingual Language Processing and Production.” The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching, ed. Barbara E. Bullock, and Almeida J. Toribio, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 336-357.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol, and Janice Jake. “Revisiting the 4-M Model: Codeswitching and Morpheme Election at the Abstract Level.” International Journal of Bilingualism, no. 21, 2017, 340-366.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol, and John Okeju. “Neighbors and Lexical Borrowing.” Language, no. 49, 1973, pp. 871-889.
  • Petrou, Maria. “Lexical Borrowing and Code-switching in Turkish Varieties of Western Thrace.” Ankara Papers in Turkish and Turkic Linguistics, ed. Deniz Zeyrek, and Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek, Harrassowitz Werlag, 2015, pp. 4440-4522.
  • Süleymanov, Mikail. Personal Interview. 17 May 2017.
  • Şener, Serkan. Code-switching of Turkish-German Bilinguals: A Structural Analysis. Master Thesis. Ankara: Ankara University, 1998.
  • Treffers-Daller, Jeannie. “Towards a Uniform Approach to Code-switching and Borrowing.” Papers for the Workshop on Constraints, Conditions, and Models, European Science Foundation, 1991, pp. 259-279.
  • Trier, Tom, and Andrei Khanzin. “Introduction.” Meskhetian Turks at a Crossroads: Integration, Reparation or Resettlement? ed. Tom Trier, and Andrei Khanzin, Lit Verlag, 2007, pp. 1-42.
  • Whitehouse, Mark. “Politics of Persecution.” moscowtimes.com, The Moscow Times, 24 January 1998, http://old.themoscowtimes.com. Accessed 18 November 2019.
  • Yazıcı Ersoy, Habibe. “Code-switching Among Languages: The Instance of Bashkir Literary Language.” Dil Araştırmaları, no. 21, 2017, pp. 61-77.

Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model

Year 2022, , 183 - 209, 27.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10307

Abstract

During the 75 years following Ahıska Turks’ expatriation from their homeland in Soviet Georgia in 1944 to the Central Asian Soviet Republics, they have evolved into a multilingual society. Ahıska Turks use Turkish and Russian language pairs in their daily communication. They adopt code-switching strategies in their daily communication. Turkish-Russian code-switching pattern of Ahıska Turks was not analyzed linguistically in terms of bilingual communication. Therefore, this study aims to investigate Ahıska Turks from a different perspective. It reflects the code-switching situation by examining the Bishkek show of Miko Şov, an Ahıska Turks’ comedy group. The records were investigated based on the Matrix Language Frame Model and the pattern is divided into categories as nouns, adjectives, adpositions, verbs, and adverbs. It is determined that the same strategies were followed with other Turkic languages contacting Russian.

References

  • Ahmed, Oktay. “Copied Verbs in Turkish Dialects of Macedonia.” The Uppsala Meeting, ed. Eva Csato, Birsel Karakoç, and Astrid Menz, Harrassowitz Verlag, 2016, pp. 9-18.
  • Aqtay, Gulayhan. “Adjectives in Modern Kazakh.” Turkey, Kazakhstan and the Crimea: Ten Years of Turkology in Poznan, ed. Henryk Jankowski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2013, pp. 37-47.
  • Auer, Peter, and Raihan Muhamedova. “Embedded Language and Matrix language in Insertational Language Mixing: Some Problematic Cases.” Rivista di Linguistica, vol. 17, no. 1, 2005, pp. 35-54.
  • Aydıngün, Ayşegül. “Creating, Recreating and Redefining Ethnic Identity: Ahıska/ Meskhetian Turks in Soviet and Post-Soviet Contexts.” Central Asian Survey, vol. 21, no. 2, 2002, pp. 185-197.
  • Aydıngün, Ayşegül, et al. Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to Their History, Culture, and Resettlement Experiences. Cultural Orientation Resource Center-Culture Profile. 2006.
  • Backus, Ad. Patterns of Language Mixing. Harrasowitz Werlag, 1992.
  • Backus, Ad. Two in One. Tilburg University Press, 1996.
  • Backus, Ad. “Codeswitching as One Piece of the Puzzle of Language Exchange.” Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code-switching, ed. Ludmila Isurin, Donald Winford, and Kees de Bot, John Benjamin Publishing, 2009, pp. 307-336.
  • Dunn, John, and Shamil Khairov. Modern Russian Grammar. Routledge, 2009.
  • Forker, Diana. “Sanzhi-Russian Code-switching and the Matrix Language Frame Model.” International Journal of Bilingualism, no. 23, 2019, pp. 1448-1468.
  • Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. Code-switching. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Grosjean, François. “The Bilingual’s Language Modes.” One Mind, Two Languages: Bilingual Language Processing, ed. Janet Nicol. Blackwell, 2001, pp. 1-22.
  • Haugen, Einar. “The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing.” The Ecology of Language, ed. Anwar S. Dill. Stanford University Press, 1972, pp. 79-109.
  • İnan, Kayhan. “Bilingualism, Language Choice, and Language Loyalty in Ahıska Turks in Kyrgyzstan in Terms of the Generation Variable.” TEKE, vol. 9, no. 4, 2020, pp. 1557-1580.
  • Jankowski, Henryk. “Kazakh in Contact with Russian in Modern Kazakhstan.” Turkic Languages, no. 16, 2012, pp. 25-67.
  • Johanson, Lars. Türkçe Dil İlişkilerinde Yapısal Etkenler. ed. Nurettin Demir, Türk Dil Kurumu, 2007.
  • Johanson, Lars. “Remodeling Grammar Copying, Conventionalization, Grammaticalization.” Language Contact and Contact Languages, ed. Peter Siemund, and Noemi Kintana, John Benjamins, 2008, pp. 61-79.
  • Killi Yılmaz, Gülsüm. “Khakassian-Russian Code-switching in the Stories by Ilya Topoyev.” Journal of Modern Turkish Studies, no. 11, 2014, pp. 208-234.
  • Kreindler, Isabelle. “The Soviet Deported Nationalities: A Summary and an Update.” Soviet Studies, vol. 38, no. 3, 1986, pp. 387-405.
  • MacSwan, Jeff. “Codeswitching and Generative Grammar: A Critique of the MLF Model and Some Remarks on Modified Minimalism.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, vol. 8, no. 1, 2005, pp. 1- 22.
  • Matras, Yaron. Language Contact. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Menz, Astrid. “Slavic Language Influence on Gagauz.” bilig, vol. 24, 2003, pp. 23-44.
  • Muhamedova, Raihan. “Remarks on the Kazakh Discourse Marker žaŋaγï.” Trans-Turkic Studies, ed. Matthias Kappler, Mark Kirchner, and Peter Ziem, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi, 2010, pp. 441-454.
  • Muysken, Pieter. Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-mixing. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. “Comparing Codeswitching and Borrowing.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, no. 13, 1992, pp. 19-39.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. “Constructing the Frame in Intrasentential Codeswitching.” Multilingua, vol. 11, no. 1, 1992, pp. 101-127.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. Dueling Languages. Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol, and Janice Jake. “A Universal Model of Code-switching and Bilingual Language Processing and Production.” The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching, ed. Barbara E. Bullock, and Almeida J. Toribio, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 336-357.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol, and Janice Jake. “Revisiting the 4-M Model: Codeswitching and Morpheme Election at the Abstract Level.” International Journal of Bilingualism, no. 21, 2017, 340-366.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol, and John Okeju. “Neighbors and Lexical Borrowing.” Language, no. 49, 1973, pp. 871-889.
  • Petrou, Maria. “Lexical Borrowing and Code-switching in Turkish Varieties of Western Thrace.” Ankara Papers in Turkish and Turkic Linguistics, ed. Deniz Zeyrek, and Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek, Harrassowitz Werlag, 2015, pp. 4440-4522.
  • Süleymanov, Mikail. Personal Interview. 17 May 2017.
  • Şener, Serkan. Code-switching of Turkish-German Bilinguals: A Structural Analysis. Master Thesis. Ankara: Ankara University, 1998.
  • Treffers-Daller, Jeannie. “Towards a Uniform Approach to Code-switching and Borrowing.” Papers for the Workshop on Constraints, Conditions, and Models, European Science Foundation, 1991, pp. 259-279.
  • Trier, Tom, and Andrei Khanzin. “Introduction.” Meskhetian Turks at a Crossroads: Integration, Reparation or Resettlement? ed. Tom Trier, and Andrei Khanzin, Lit Verlag, 2007, pp. 1-42.
  • Whitehouse, Mark. “Politics of Persecution.” moscowtimes.com, The Moscow Times, 24 January 1998, http://old.themoscowtimes.com. Accessed 18 November 2019.
  • Yazıcı Ersoy, Habibe. “Code-switching Among Languages: The Instance of Bashkir Literary Language.” Dil Araştırmaları, no. 21, 2017, pp. 61-77.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kayhan İnan

Publication Date October 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA İnan, K. (2022). Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model. Bilig(103), 183-209. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10307
AMA İnan K. Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model. Bilig. October 2022;(103):183-209. doi:10.12995/bilig.10307
Chicago İnan, Kayhan. “Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model”. Bilig, no. 103 (October 2022): 183-209. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10307.
EndNote İnan K (October 1, 2022) Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model. Bilig 103 183–209.
IEEE K. İnan, “Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model”, Bilig, no. 103, pp. 183–209, October 2022, doi: 10.12995/bilig.10307.
ISNAD İnan, Kayhan. “Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model”. Bilig 103 (October 2022), 183-209. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10307.
JAMA İnan K. Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model. Bilig. 2022;:183–209.
MLA İnan, Kayhan. “Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model”. Bilig, no. 103, 2022, pp. 183-09, doi:10.12995/bilig.10307.
Vancouver İnan K. Code-Switching Pattern of Turkish- Russian Bilingual Ahıska Turks and Matrix Language Frame Model. Bilig. 2022(103):183-209.

Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyet Başkanlığı