Türkiye’nin Diaspora Politikası: 2010’dan Bu Yana Bakış Açısında Değişim

Year 2023, , 99 - 128, 27.04.2023

Gizem Kolbaşı-muyan

https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10505

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin altı buçuk milyonun üzerinde vatandaşı ve onların soylarını ilgilendiren diaspora politikasına odaklanmaktadır. Makalede 2010 yılında Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı’nın kurulması ile Türkiye’nin diaspora politikasında ne değiştiği sorusuna yanıt aranmaktadır. Türkiye’nin diaspora politikası sosyoekonomik, siyasi-hukuki ve sosyokültürel alanlarda incelendiğinde, 2010’dan itibaren ulusötesi Türk diasporasına ulaşmak için uzak mesafe milliyetçiliği yaklaşımının öne çıktığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu çerçevede, hedef kitle, diasporanın temel özellikleri, politika hedefleri, aktörleri, araçları ve paydaşları uzak mesafe milliyetçiliği bakış açısı ile yeniden tanımlanmıştır. Türkiye, bu dönemde göç sonrası nesillerin yeni ulusötesi politika araçları ile Türkiye’ye özellikle sosyokültürel alanda yeniden entegrasyonunu sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu haliyle diaspora politikalarında Türkiye’nin uzak mesafe milliyetçi bakış açısı onu “ulus-ötesi ulus-devlet”e dönüştürmektedir.

Keywords

Türk diasporası, Diaspora politikası, ulusötesicilik, uzak mesafe milliyetçiliği, Türkiye, uluslararası göç

Türkiye’s Diaspora Engagement Policy: Change in Perspective Since 2010

Abstract

This paper focuses on the diaspora engagement policy of Türkiye, which affects the lives of more than 6.5 million Turkish citizens and their descendants. The main research question raised in this
paper is “What has changed in the Turkish diaspora engagement policy since 2010 with the establishment of the Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Communities (YTB)?” Following
an analysis of the diaspora engagement policy of Türkiye in the socio-economic, political-legal and socio-cultural spheres, it is concluded that since 2010, in order to maintain a connection
with the transnational diaspora, long-distance nationalism has emerged as a prominent factor. The novelty of the policy lies in its redefinition of the target groups, the features of the diaspora,
and the policy goals, actors, tools and stakeholders. Türkiye has begun to target the reintegration of post-migrant generations with Türkiye in the socio-cultural sphere through new policy
tools, and the long-distance nationalist perspective of its diaspora engagement policy has thus led to the transformation of Türkiye into a “transnational nation-state”.

Keywords

Turkish diaspora, Diaspora engagement policy, long-distance nationalism, transnationalism, Türkiye, International migration.

References

• Abadan Unat, Nermin, et al. Voting Behavior of Euro-Turks and Turkey`s Presidential Elections of 2014. Boğaziçi University and Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 2014.
• Adamson, Fiona. “Sending States and the Making of Intra-Diasporic Politics: Turkey and Its Diaspora(s).” International Migration Review, vol. 53, no.1, 2019, pp. 210-236.
• Akgündüz, Ahmet. Labour Migration from Turkey to Western Europe (1960–1974): A Multidisciplinary Analysis, Routledge, 2008.
• Aksel, Damla B. “Kins, Distant Workers, Diasporas: Constructing Turkey’s Transnational Members Abroad.” Turkish Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, 2014, pp.195-219.
• Anthias, Floya. “Evaluating ‘Diaspora’: Beyond Ethnicity?” Sociology, vol. 32, no. 3, 1998, pp. 557-580.
• Arkilic, Ayça. “Explaining the Evolution of Turkey’s Diaspora Engagement Policy: A Holistic Approach.” Diaspora Studies, vol. 14, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-21, doi: 10.1080/09739572.2020.1839688.
• Artukoğlu, Oğuzhan Sökmen. Yurtdışı İşçi Tasarruflarının Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, Banka Sistemi ve Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Etkileri. Expertise Thesis, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, 2005. Aydın, Seda, and Eva Ostergaard-Nielsen. “Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Turkish citizens Abroad.” Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 3): A focus on non-EU sending states, edited by Jean-Michel Lafleur, and Daniela Vintila, Springer, 2020, pp. 401-418.
• Aydın, Yaşar. The New Turkish Diaspora Policy: Its Aims, Their Limits and the Challenges for Associations of People of Turkish Origin and Decision-makers in Germany. Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit, 2014.
• Aydın, Yaşar. “Turkish Diaspora Policy: Transnationalism or Long-Distance Nationalism?” Turkish Migration Policy, edited by İbrahim Sirkeci and Barbara Pusch, Transnational Press, 2016, pp.169-182.
• Basch, Linda, et al. Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Routledge, 1994.
• Bayraktar Aksel, Damla. Home States and Homeland Politics: Interactions between Turkish State and Its Emigrants in France and the U.S. PhD thesis, Koç University, 2016.
• Bilgili, Özge, and Melissa Siegel. “From Economic to Political Engagement: Analysing the Changing Role of the Turkish Diaspora.” Emigration Nationals: Policies and Ideologies of Emigrant Engagement, edited by Michael Collyer, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, pp. 277-30.
• Braziel, Jana Evans, and Anita Mannur. “Nation, Migration, Globalization: Points of Contention in Diaspora Studies.” Theorizing Diaspora, edited by Jana Evans Braziel and Anita Mannur, Blackwell Publishing, 2003, pp. 1-22.
• Brubaker, Rogers. “The ‘Diaspora’ Diaspora.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 28, no.1, 2005, pp. 1-19.
• Can, Hacı, and Ekin Tuna. Mavi Kartlı Yabancılar. Adalet Yayınevi, 2018.
• Cohen, Robin. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. Routledge, 2008.
• Cumhuriyet. “‘Fransız Vatandaşı Olun’ Tavsiyesi.” 12.04.2011. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/fransiz-vatandasi-olun-tavsiyesi-238424 (Accessed: 20.06.2021)
• Çağlar, Ayşe. “‘Citizenship Light’: Transnational Ties, Multiple Rules of Membership, and the ‘Pink Card”.” Worlds on the Move: Globalization, Migration, and Cultural Security, edited by Jonathan Friedman and Shalini Randeria, I. B. Touris, 2004, pp. 273-291.
• Delano, Alexandra, and Alan Gamlen. “Comparing and Theorizing State-Diaspora Relations.” Political Geography, vol. 41, 2014, pp. 43-53, doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005
• Deutsche Welle. İslamofobi Uyarısı, 27.02.2011, https://www.dw.com/tr/islamofobi-uyar%C4%B1s%C4%B1/a-14877805. (Accessed: 16.06.2021)
• Entzinger, Han, and Renske Biezeveld. Benchmarking in Immigrant Integration. European Commission, August 2003.
• Eren, Abdullah. “YTB’nin 10. Yılı: Güçlü Diaspora Güçlü Türkiye.” Memleketim, no. 1, 2020 2-3.
• Erşahin, İsmail. “Bir Diyanet Projesi Olarak Uluslararası İlahiyat Programı.” Diyanet İlmi Dergisi, vol. 51, no.2, 2015, pp. 125-146.
• Faist, Thomas. The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Clarendon Press, 2000.
• Faist, Thomas. “Diaspora and Transnationalism: What Kind of Dance Partners?” Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, edited by Rainer Bauböck and Thomas Faist, Amsterdam University Press, 2010, pp. 9-34.
• Gamlen, Alan. Diaspora Engagement Policies: Who are They and What Kinds of States Use Them? University of Oxford, 2006.
• Glick Schiller, Nina and Georges Eugene Fouron. Georges Woke up Laughing: Long Distance Nationalism and the Search for Home. Duke University Press, 2001.
• Grossman, Jonathan. “Toward a Definition of Diaspora.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 42, no. 8, 2019, pp.1263-1282.
• Gündoğdu, Alev. “Hollanda’da 30 Yıllık Tartışma: İmam Eğitimi.” Perspektif, 2019, https://perspektif.eu/2019/01/06/hollandada-30-yillik-tartisam-imamegitimi/ (Accessed 19.12.2020)
• Heckmann, Fredrich. Integration and Integration Policies: IMISCOE Network Feasibility Study. Amsterdam University Press, 2006.
• Heper, Metin. “The State, Religion and Pluralism: The Turkish Case in Comparative Perspective.” British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin, vol. 18, no.1, 1991, pp. 38-51.
• İçduygu, Ahmet, and Damla Bayraktar-Aksel. “Turkish Migration Policies: A Critical Historical Retrospective.” Perceptions, vol. 18, no.3, 2017, pp.167-90.
• İçduygu, Ahmet, et al. “What is the Matter with Citizenship? A Turkish Debate.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 35, no. 9, 1999, pp. 187-208.
• IOM. World Migration Report, 2018.
• Kadirbeyoğlu, Zeynep. Country Report: Turkey. Fiesole: EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute, 2012. http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/CountryReports/Turkey.pdf/ (Accessed 13.02.2020).
• Kolbaşı-Muyan, Gizem. Avrupa’da Göçmen Politikaları: Almanya, Hollanda ve Fransa Göçmen Politikalarının Karşılaştırması. Detay Yayıncılık, 2018.
• Kolbaşı-Muyan, Gizem. “Hollanda Göçmen Entegrasyonu Politikaları: Liberalizmden Neoliberalizme.” Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, pp. 177-92.
• Köşer-Akçapar, Şebnem, and Damla Bayraktar-Aksel. “Public Diplomacy through Diaspora Engagement: The Case of Turkey.” Perceptions, vol. 22, no. 4, 2017, pp. 135-160.
• Lacroix, Chantal. Immigrants, Literature and National Integration. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
• Levitt, Peggy, and Nina Glick Schiller. “Conceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on Society.” International Migration Review, vol.38, no.3, 2004, pp. 1002-39.
• Mügge, Liza. “Managing Transnationalism: Continuity and Change in Turkish State Policy.” International Migration, vol. 50, no. 1, 2012, pp. 20-38.
• Okyay, Aslı. “External voting to be implemented for the first time in Turkey’s forthcoming presidential elections.” EUDO Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute, 2014. http://globalcit.eu/external-voting-tobe-implemented-for-the-first-time-in-turkey-s-forthcoming-presidentialelections/(Accessed 12.02.2020)
• Ostergaard-Nielsen, Eva. Transnational Politics: Turks and Kurds in Germany.Routledge, 2003.
• Öge, Akın. Türkiye’de Resmi Milliyetçiliğin ‘Türklük’ Kavrayışı: ‘Dış Türklerden Sorumlu’ Devlet Bakanlığı ve Türk İşbirliği ve Kalkınma İdaresi Başkanlığı (TİKA) İncelemesi. M.A. Thesis, Yıldız Teknik U., 2009.
• Öktem, Kerem. New Diaspora Policy: The Challenge of Inclusivity, Outreach and Capacity. İstanbul Policy Center, 2014.
• Pedroza, Luicy and Pao Palop-Garcia. “Diaspora Policies in Comparison: An Application of the Emigrant Policies Index (EMIX) for the Latin American and Caribbean Region.” Political Geography, vol. 60, September 2017, pp. 165-178, doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.07.006
• Portes, Alejandro. “Conclusion: Toward a New World-The Origins and Effects of Transnational Activities.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, 1999, pp. 463-77.
• Portes, Alejandro, et al. “The Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, 1999, pp. 217-37.
• PSB (The Presidency of Strategy and Budget). 11. Developmental Plan (2019-2023), 2019.
• PSB (The Presidency of Strategy and Budget). 2020 Presidential Annual Programme, 2019.
• Ragazzi, Francesco. “A Comparative Analysis of Diaspora Policies.” Political Geography, vol. 41, 2014, pp. 74-89.
• Safran, William. “Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 1991, pp. 83-99.
• Şahin-Mençütek, Zeynep, and Bahar Baser. “Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1-21.
• Sayari, Sabri. “Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 485, 1986, pp. 87-97.
• Sheffer, Gabriel. Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• Smith, Michael, and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo. Transnationalism from Below. Transaction Publishers, 1998.
• The Prime Ministry of Turkey. 64. Hükümet Programı. 2015.
• Tölölyan, Khachig. “The Nation-State and Its Others: In Lieu of a Preface.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 3-7, doi: 10.1353/dsp.1991.0008
• TÜBİTAK. “Yurtdışı Araştırmacı Bilgi Sistemi ARBİS-Y.” 2014. http://tug.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/duyuru/yurtdisi-arastirmaci-bilgi-sistemi-arbis-y/ (Accessed on 10.02.2020).
• Ünver, Can. “Changing Diaspora Politics of Turkey and Public Diplomacy.” Turkish Politics Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 1, 2013, pp. 181-89.
• Vertovec, Steven. “Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, 1999, pp. 447-62.
• Yaldız, Fırat. “A Critical Approach to the Term Turkish Diaspora: Is there ‘the’ Turkish diaspora?” bilig, vol. 91, 2019, pp. 53-80.
• Yanaşmayan, Zeynep, and Zeynep Kaşlı. “Reading Diasporic Engagements through the Lens of Citizenship: Turkey as a test case.” Political Geography, vol. 70, 2019, pp. 24-33.
• Yıldız, İsmail. “Amaç, STK’lara yardım ve desteklerin daha güçlü olması.” Artı 90, no. 8, 2013, pp. 62-64.
• Yıldız, Yasemin. “Krizlerin Göbeğinde Avusturya’da İmam Eğitimi.” Perspektif, 2019, https://perspektif.eu/2019/01/06/krizlerin-gobeginde-avusturyadaimam-egitimi/ (Accessed: 20.12. 2020).
• YTB. YTB 2012 Faaliyet Raporu. 2013. https://www.ytb.gov.tr/kurumsal/faaliyetraporlari/ (Accessed 12.02.2020).
• YTB. Mali Destek Programlarına Başvurular Başladı. 2016. https://www.ytb.gov.tr/haberler/mali-destek-programlarina-basvurular-basladi/ (Accessed 02.01.2021).
• YTB. 2015 Faaliyet Raporu. 2016. https://www.ytb.gov.tr/kurumsal/faaliyetraporlari/(Accessed 12.02.2020).
• YTB. 2017 İdare Faaliyet Raporu. 2018, https://www.ytb.gov.tr/kurumsal/faaliyetraporlari/(Accessed 12.10.2020).
• YTB. Stratejik Plan 2019-2023. 2019, https://www.ytb.gov.tr/kurumsal/stratejikplan/(Accessed 02.10.2020).
• YTB. Turkish and Education. 2020. https://www.ytb.gov.tr/en/abroad-citizens/turkish-and-education/ (Accessed 20.12.2020).
• YTB. YTB Memleket Yoluna Çıkan Vatandaşları Yalnız Bırakmadı. 2020. https://www.ytb.gov.tr/haberler/ytb-memleket-yoluna-cikan-vatandaslari-yalnizbirakmadi/(Accessed 28.12.2020).
• YTB. Sivil Toplum Destekleri. 2020. https://www.ytb.gov.tr/destekler-ve-burslar/sivil-toplum-destekleri/ (Accessed 05.12.2020).
• YTB. Yurtdışı Vatandaşlara Yönelik Saldırılar. 2020. https://www.ytb.gov.tr/yurtdisi-vatandaslara-yonelik-saldirilar/ (Accessed. 10.02.2021).
• YTB. 2020 İdare Faaliyet Raporu. 2021. https://www.ytb.gov.tr/kurumsal/faaliyetraporlari/(Accessed 08.03.2021).