Zor Zamanlarda Hakikati Koruma: 6 Şubat 2023 Depremleri Sırasında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümetinin Stratejik Twitter Kullanımı

Abstract

Bu çalışma, kriz iletişimi, kamu diplomasisi ve sosyal medya etkisi konularını ele alarak 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Türkiye’de gerçekleşen deprem sürecine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, doğru bilgi yayılmasının, kamu güveninin oluşturulmasının ve dezenformasyonun önlenmesinin kritik rollerini vurgulanmaktadır. Özellikle Türkiye Cumhuriyeti hükümetinin önemli kurumlarının deneyimlerine odaklanan araştırma, kriz iletişimi, dijital diplomasi ve dezenformasyonla mücadelenin birbirine bağlı olduğunu, dijital çağda stratejik entegrasyonu gerektirdiğini savunmaktadır. Altı hükümet Twitter hesabından alınan 2.997 tweetten oluşan bir veri kümesinin kullanıldığı analiz, MAXQDA 2020'yi kullanarak kriz iletişimindeki güçlü yönleri, zayıf yönleri ve iyileştirilecek alanları tespit ederek Türk kamu diplomasisi uygulamalarının anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmakta ve gelecekteki araştırmalara yol göstermektedir. Araştırma, önde gelen devlet kurumlarının kullandığı etkili stratejileri ortaya çıkararak, takipçi sayısı ile tweet sıklığı arasındaki detaylı ilişkiyi vurgulayarak ve sosyal medyayı kriz anlarında takip etme konusunda pratik içgörüler sunarak sona ermektedir.

Keywords

• Kriz iletişimi
• dezenformasyon
• kamu diplomasisi
• sosyal medya
• deprem
• Türkiye

Safeguarding Truth in Turmoil: A Study of the Turkish Government's Strategic Deployment of Twitter during the February 6, 2023, Earthquakes

Abstract

This article examines crisis communication and public diplomacy through social media, especially in the context of the earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye on February 6, 2023. The study underscores the critical roles of accurate information dissemination, public trust cultivation, and disinformation prevention. Focusing on the experiences of leading government offices, particularly their Twitter responses, this research demonstrates the interconnectedness of crisis communication, digital diplomacy and central importance of strategic integration in the digital age. Using a dataset of 2,997 tweets from six government Twitter accounts, the MAXQDA 2020 analysis explores the dynamics of the relationship between Turkish public diplomacy, crisis communication, and social media, and offers insights into resilient communication frameworks in global governance. The effectiveness of the government's communication efforts is evident in the strategic use of Twitter as a dynamic tool for real-time dissemination of information during crises, underlining the government's proactive and responsive stance in crisis communication.

Keywords

• Crisis communication
• disinformation
• public diplomacy
• social media
• earthquake
• Türkiye

References

1. Abd-Alrazaq, Alaa, Dari Alhuwail, Mowafa Househ, Mounir Hamdi, and Zubair Shah. “Top Concerns of Tweeters during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infoveillance Study.” Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 22, no. 4, 2020, e19016, doi.org/10.2196/19016.
2. Aldamen, Yasemin, and Edna Hacimic. “Positive Determinism of Twitter Usage Development in Crisis Communication: Rescue and Relief Efforts after the 6 February 2023 Earthquake in Türkiye as a Case Study.” Social Sciences, vol. 12, no. 8, 2023, 436, doi.org/10.3390/socsci12080436.
3. Amiresmaili, M. ., F. . Zolala, M. . Nekoei-Moghadam, S. . Salavatian, M. . Chashmyazdan, A. . Soltani, and Jaber Savabi. “Role of Social Media in Earthquake: A Systematic Review”. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, vol. 23, no. 5, Aug. 2021, doi:10.32592/ircmj.2021.23.5.447.
4. Anadolu Agency. “STK’lerin deprem bölgesindeki çalışmaları sürüyor.” 11.02.2023, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/asrin-felaketi/stklerin-deprem-bolgesindeki-calismalari-suruyor/2816384.
5. Boas, Ingrid, Chunci Chen, Hanne Wiegel, and Guizhen He. “The role of social media-led and governmental information in China’s urban disaster risk response: The case of Xiamen.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 51, 2020, 101905, doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101905.
6. Bond. “The response to the devastating earthquake in Turkey and Syria: what do we know so far?” 8 February 2023, https://www.bond.org.uk/news/2023/02/the-response-to-the-devastating- earthquake-in-turkey-and-syria-what-do-we-know-so-far/.
7. Campbell, Rose G. “A Content Analysis Case Study of Media and Public Trust in Japan: After the Quake.” Observatorio (OBS*), vol. 13, no. 4, 2019, pp. 131-147, doi:10.15847/obsobs13420191473.
8. Center for Disaster Philanthropy. “2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquake.” 2023, https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disasters/2023-turkey-syria-earthquake/.

9. Coombs, Timothy. Ongoing Crisis Communication: Planning, Managing, and Responding. Sage Publications, 2021.
10. Çağlayan, Sema, and Aybike Özel. “Dünya Liderlerinin Yürüttüğü Twiplomasi Faaliyetlerine Yönelik Bir Analiz.” Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 36, 2021, pp. 243-267, doi:10.31123/akil.988482.
11. Dezenformasyonla Mücadele Merkezi. “Deprem Sürecinde Dezenformasyonlara Karşı Yayımladığımız Günlük Deprem Dezenformasyon Bültenleri.” 24 Kasım 2023, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/Deprem_Dezenformasyon_B%C3%BCltenleri_%286_%C5%9Eubat_6_Mart%29.pdf.
12. Duncombe, Constance. “Digital Diplomacy: Emotion and Identity in the Public Realm.” Debating Public Diplomacy, vol. 14, no. 1-2, 2019, pp. 102-116, doi:10.1163/9789004410824_009.
13. Elgendi, Karim. “A blueprint for Turkey’s Resilient Reconstruction and Recovery Post Earthquake.” 20 June 2023, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/turkeysource/a-blueprint-for-turkeys-resilient- reconstruction-and-recovery-post-earthquake/.
14. Engblom, Annicka. “The Role of the Media in Times of Crises: Committee on Culture, Science, Education and Media.” Council of Europe Parliamentry Assembly, 2 December 2021, https://assembly.coe.int/LifeRay/CULT/Pdf/TextesProvisoires/2021/20211202-MediaTimesCrisis-EN.pdf.
15. Ercan, Arda. “Di̇plomasi̇ni̇n Deği̇şen Tanımları: Ad Hoc Di̇plomasi̇den Twi̇plomacy ve Tekplomasi̇ Çağına.” Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2020, pp. 135-148, doi:10.35343/kosbed.732145.
16. Hart, Paul ’t. “Symbols, Rituals and Power: The Lost Dimensions of Crisis Management.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, vol. 1, no. 1, 1993, pp. 36-50, doi:10.1111/j.1468- 5973.1993.tb00005.x.
17. Hedling, Elsa, and Niklas Bremberg. “Practice Approaches to the Digital Transformations of Diplomacy: Toward a New Research Agenda.” International Studies Review, vol. 23, no. 4, 2021, pp. 1595-1618, doi:10.1093/isr/viab027.
18. İris, Mesut, and Tansu Akdemir. “Kamu Diplomasisinde Dijital Dönüşüm: Büyükelçilerin Twitter Üzerinden Gerçekleştirdikleri Dijital Diplomasi Faaliyetlerinin İncelenmesi.” AJIT-e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, vol. 11, no. 42, 2020, pp. 12-54, doi:10.5824/ajite.2020.03.001.x.
19. Jansen, Bernard J., Mimi Zhang, Kate Sobel, and Abdur Chowdury. “Twitter Power: Tweets as Electronic Word of Mouth.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 60, no. 11, 2009, pp. 2169-2188, doi:10.1002/asi.21149.
20. John, Sokfa F., Haruna Maama, Oluwaseun T. Ojogiwa, and Betty C. Mubangizi. “Government communication in times of crisis: The priorities and trends in South Africa’s response to COVID-19.” The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, vol. 18, no. 1, 2022, doi:10.4102/td.v18i1.1146.
21. Kemavuthanon, Kemachart, and Osamu Uchida. “Social Media Messages During Disasters in Japan: An Empirical Study of 2018 Osaka North Earthquake in Japan.” 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT), Kahului, HI, USA, 2019, pp. 199-203, doi:10.1109/INFOCT.2019.8711036.
22. Kuwahara, Kyoko. “Fighting Disinformation: Japan’s Unique Situation and the Future of Canada-Japan Cooperation.” November 2021, https://macdonaldlaurier.ca/mli- files/pdf/202110_Fighting_disinformation_Kyoko_COMMENTARY_FWeb.pdf.
23. Lovari, Alessandro, and Shannon A. Bowen. “Social Media in Disaster Communication: A Case Study of Strategies, Barriers, and Ethical Implications.” Journal of Public Affairs, vol. 20, no. 1, 2019, doi:10.1002/pa.1967.
24. Maghsoudi, Amin, and Mohammad Moshtari. “Challenges in Disaster Relief Operations: Evidence from the 2017 Kermanshah Earthquake.” Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, vol. 11, no. 1, 2020, pp. 107-134, doi:10.1108/jhlscm-08-2019-0054.
25. Malecki, Kristen, Julie A Keating, and Nasia Safdar. “Crisis Communication and Public Perception of COVID-19 Risk in the Era of Social Media.” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 72, no. 4, 2020, pp. 697-702, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa758.
26. Mayer, Jeremy D. “The Contemporary Presidency: Two Presidents, Two Crises: Bush Wrestles with 9/11, Trump Fumbles COVID‐19.” Presidential Studies Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, 2020, pp. 629-649, doi:10.1111/psq.12674.
27. Muhammed T, Sadiq, and Saji K. Mathew. “The Disaster of Misinformation: A Review of Research in Social Media.” International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, vol. 13, no. 4, 2022, pp. 271-285, doi:10.1007/s41060-022-00311-6.
28. Ovalı, Ali Şevket. “Türkiye-ABD İlişkilerinde Twitter Diplomasisi.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 17, no. 65, 2020, pp. 23-45, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.672450.
29. Öztemel, İlknur Şebnem. “Türk Dış Politikası’nda Sosyal Medya ve Dijital Platformların Kullanımı.” TUİÇ Akademi, 30 Mart 2021, www.tuicakademi.org/turk-dis-politikasinda-sosyal-medya-ve-dijital- platformlarin-kullanimi-karabag-44-gun-savasi-ornegi/.
30. Palen, Leysia, Sarah Vieweg, Sophia B. Liu, and Amanda Lee Hughes. “Crisis in a Networked World: Features of Computer-mediated Communication in the April 16, 2007, Virginia Tech Event.” Social Science Computer Review, vol. 27, no. 2, 2009, pp. 467-480, doi:10.1177/0894439309332302.
31. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye Presidency of Strategy and Budget. “Türkiye Earthquakes Recovery and Reconstructıon Assessment.” 2023, https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp- content/uploads/2023/03/Turkiye-Recovery-and-Reconstruction-Assessment.pdf.
32. Sandre, Andreas. Twitter for Diplomats. DiploFoundation and Istituto Diplomatico, 2013.
33. Social Blade. “Analytics Made Easy.” 18.03.2023, https://socialblade.com/.
34. Su, Zhaohui, Huan Zhang, Dean McDonnell, Junaid Ahmad, Ali Cheshmehzangi, and Changrong Yuan. “Crisis communication strategies for health officials.” Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 10, 2022, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.796572.
35. T.C. İletişim Başkanlığı. 06 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Asrın Felaketi. Cumhurbaşkanlığı İletişim Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2023, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/Asrin- Felaketi-TR.pdf.
36. Türkonfed. “Turkish Businesses Support the Response to the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake.” 12 February 2023, https://turkonfed.org/en/detail/3947/turkish-businesses-support-the-response-to-the-kahramanmaras-earthquake.
37. Wang, Bairong, and Jun Zhuang. “Rumor Response, Debunking Response, and Decision Makings of Misinformed Twitter Users during Disasters.” Natural Hazards, vol. 93, no. 3, 2018, pp. 1145-1162, doi:10.1007/s11069-018-3344-6.
38. Yeni Şafak. “Türkiye’nin Acı Günü: 6 Şubat Depreminin Yıkıcı Etkileri!” 7.09.2023, https://www.yenisafak.com/kahramanmaras-depremi-ne-zaman-oldu-kac-buyuklugunde-kac-saniye-surdu-6- subat-maras-depreminde-kac-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti-ve-yaralandi-h-4558548.
39. Yeni Şafak. “Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Twitter’da en güçlü lider sıralamasında üçüncü oldu.” 6.12.2022, https://www.yenisafak.com/teknoloji/cumhurbaskani-recep-tayyip-erdogan- twitterda-en-guclu-lider-siralamasinda-ucuncu-oldu-3894092.
40. Zhou, Shen, Wensheng Yu, Xinwen Tang, and Xiaogian Li. “Government Crisis Communication Innovation and Its Psychological Intervention Coupling: Based on an Analysis of China’s Provincial COVID- 19 Outbreak Updates.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 13, 2023, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1008948.