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Telecommunication Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Turkey

Year 2020, , 55 - 84, 31.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9203

Abstract

The development of telecommunication infrastructure improves the knowledge capacity of the economy and promotes economic growth. In this setting, especially after 1980s, countries have enhanced their telecommunication investments and raise their telecommunication stocks. In Turkey, the investments in telecommunications –both public and private- have also increased and telecommunication stocks have scaled up in the past 20 years. In this study, we investigate the effect of telecommunication infrastructure on economic growth in Turkey. In this framework, we add telecommunication infrastructure as an input to the production function and estimate it via co-integration and vector error correction models. The results reveal that, telecommunication infrastructure has a positive and significant effect on GDP.

References

  • Alleman, James vd. (1994). “Telecommunications and Economic Development: Empirical Evidence from Southern Africa”. 10th Biennial International Telecommunication Society Meeting. Sydney, Australia.
  • Antonelli, Christiano (1991). “The Diffusion of Advanced Telecommunications in Developing Countries”. Development Centre of the O.E.C.D. Paris. 111.
  • Bai, Jushan & Pierre Perron (2003). “Critical Values for Multiple Structural Change Tests”. Econometrics Journal 6 (1): 72-78.
  • Barro J. Robert (1991). “Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106: 407-444.
  • Brooks, H. Douglas & Eugenia C. Go (2014). Asia Rising: Growth and Resilience in an Uncertain Global Economy. Ed. Edward Elgar. New York.
  • Bulut, Ümit (2016). “Etkin Piyasa Hipotezinin Zayıf Formunun Test Edilmesi: Türkiye Örneği”. EconWorld 2016. Barselona, İspanya. 1-3 Şubat. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294890492_Etkin_Piyasa_Hipotezinin_Zayif_Formunun_Test_Edilmesi_Turkiye_Ornegi (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2016).
  • Burnham, B. James (2003). “Why Ireland Boomed”. The Independent Review VII (4): 537-556.
  • Calderon, Cesar & Luis Serven (2004). “The Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Income Distribution”. Central Bank of Chile. Working Papers No. 270.
  • Calderon, Cesar & Luis Serven (2011). “Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4712.
  • Calderon, Cesar & Luis Serven (2014). “Infrastructure, Growth and Inequality: an Overview”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7034.
  • Calderon, Cesar, Enrique Moral- Benito & Luis Serven (2011). “Is Infrastructure capital productive? A Dynamic Heterogeneous Approach”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5682.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, L. Joseph, Dukpa Kim & Pierre Perron (2009). “GLS-Based Unit Root Tests with Multiple Structural Breaks under Both the Null and the Alternative Hypotheses”. Econometric Theory 25: 1754-1792.
  • Chavula, H. Kayiska (2013). “Telecommunications Development and Economic Growth in Africa”. Information Technology for Development 19 (1): 5-23.
  • Coase, H. Ronald (1937).“The Nature of the Firm”. Economica 4 (November): 386-405.
  • Cronin, Francis J. vd. (1991) “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: An Analysis of Causality”. Telecommunications Policy 15 (6): 529-35.
  • Çetin, Tamer (2010). “İktisadi Etkinlik Üzerine Bir Deneme: X Etkinlik Yaklaşımı”. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 11 (2): 183-198.
  • Çetinkaya, A. Turan ve Emrah Türk (2014). “Tasarruf ve Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi Türkiye Örneği (1975-2012)”. Kara Harp Okulu Bilim Dergisi 24 (2): 45-60.
  • Datta, Anusua & Sumit Agarwal (2004). “Telecommunication and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach”. Applied Economics 36: 1649-1654.
  • Dutta, Amitava (2001). “Telecommunications and Economic Activity: An Analysis of Granger Causality”. Journal of Management Information Systems / Spring 17 (4): 71-95.
  • Engle, F. Robert & C.W.J. Granger (1987). “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”. Econometrica 55 (2): 251-276.
  • Göçer, İsmet, Mehmet Mercan ve Osman Peker (2013). “Kredi Hacmi Artışının Cari Açığa Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eş-bütünleşme Analizi”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi 18: 1-17.
  • Gregory, W. Allan & Bruce E. Hansen (1996). “Residual-based Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime Shifts”. Journal of Econometrica 70 (1): 99-126.
  • Güvel, Enver Alper ve Cengiz Aytun (2013). “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: An Application for Different Income Groups”. Business and Economics Research Journal 4 (3): 1-20.
  • Grossman, Gene M. & Elhan Helpman (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MIT Press.
  • Hardy, Adam P. (1980). “The Role of Telephone in Economic Development”. Telecommunications Policy 4 (4): 278-286.
  • Jipp, August (1963). “Wealth of Nations and Tele-phone Density”. Telecommunications Journal (July): 199-201.
  • Johansen, Soren (1988). “Statistical Analysis of Co-integration Vectors”. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 12 (2-3): 231-254.
  • Kaur, Kawaljeet & Neena Malhotra (2014). “Telecommunications and Economic Growth in India: Causality Analysis”. International Journal of Research in Business Management 2 (5): 31-46.
  • Kurt, Ayşe (2007). “Türk Telekomünikasyon Sektörü ile Ülke Ekonomisindeki Gelişmeler Arasındaki İlişkinin Varlığı ve Boyutunun Ekonometrik Analizi”. Telekomünikasyon Kurumu 1-10.
  • Lee, Junsoo & Mark C. Strazicich (2003). “Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks”. The Review of Economics and Statistics 85 (4): 1082-1089.
  • Leff, Nathaniel H. (1984). “Externalities, Information Cost, and Social Benefit - Cost Analysis for Economic Development: An Example from Telecommunications”. Economic Development & Cultural Change 32 (2): 55-276.
  • Lucas, Robert E. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”. Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1): 3-42.
  • Lydon, Reamonn P. & Williams Mark (2005). “Communications Networks and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries”. Communications & Strategies 58: 43-60.
  • Madden, Garry & Scott J. Savage (2000). “Telecommunications and Economic Growth”. International Journal of Social Economics 27 (7-10): 893-906.
  • Maddock, Rodney (1995). “Telecommunications and Economic Development”. Discusssion Paper 95: 14. Latrobe University: Schools of Economic and Commerce.
  • Maki, Daiki (2012). “Tests for Cointegration Allowing for an Unknown Number of Breaks”. Economic Modelling 29 (5): 2011-2015.
  • Mankiw, Gregory, David Romer & David Weil (1992). “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107: 407-437.
  • Norton, Seth W. (1992). “Transaction Costs, Telecommunications, and The Microeconomics of Macroeconomic Growth”. Economic Development and Cultural Change 41: 1.
  • Pazarlıoğlu, Vedat ve Özlem K. Gürler (2007). “Telekomünikasyon Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Yaklaşımı”. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar 44 (508): 35-43.
  • Pradhan, Rudra, Mark Arvin, Neville R. Norman & Samadhan K. Bele (2014). “Economic Growth and the Development of Telecommunications Infrastructure in The G-20 Countries: A Panel-VAR Approach”. Telecommunications Policy 38 (7): 634-649.
  • Romp, Ward & Jakob de Haan (2005). “Public Capital and Economic Growth: A Critical Survey”. European Investment Bank Papers 10 (1).
  • Romer, Paul (1986). “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth”. Journal of Political Economy 94 (5): 1002-1037.
  • Romer, Paul (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy 98 (5): 71-102.
  • Roller, L. Handrick & Leonard Waverman (2001). “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach”. American Economic Review 91: 909-23.
  • Sahoo, Pravakar & Ranjan K. Dash (2012). “Economic Growth in South Asia: Role of Infrastructure”. The journal of International Trade & Economic Development 21 (2): 217-252.
  • Seethepalli, Kalpana, Maria C. Bramati & David Veredas (2008). “How Relevant is Infrastructure to Growth in East Asia?”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4597.
  • Solow, Robert (1956). “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 70: 65-94.
  • Sridhar, Kala S. & Varadharajan Sridhar (2007). “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries”. Applied Econometrics and International Development 7: 2.
  • Stigler, George J. (1961). “The Economics of Information”. Journal of Political Economy 69: 213-213.
  • Stigler, George J. (1967). “The Economics of Conflict of Interest”. Journal of Political Economy 75: 100-125.
  • Swan, Trevor W. (1940) “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”. Economic Record 32 (63): 334-361.
  • Torero, Maximo, Shyamal Chowdhurry & S. Bedi Arjun (2002). “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: A Cross-country Analysis”. Der. M. Torero and J. van Braun. Information and Communication Technologies for Development and Poverty Reduction: The Potential of Telecommunications. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Waverman, Leonard (2005). “The Impact of Telecoms on Economic Growth in Developing Countries”. Vodafone Policy Paper Series 2: 10-23.
  • Yapraklı, Sevda ve Tuncay Sağlam (2010). “Türkiye’de Bilgi İletişim Teknolojileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. Ege Akademik Bakış 10 (2): 577-598.
  • Yıldız, Fazlı (2012). “Telekomünikasyon Yatırımlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İİBF Fakültesi Dergisi 17 (3): 233-258.
  • Zahra, Kanwal (2008). “Telecommunication Infrastructure Development and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach”. The Pakistan Development Review 47 (4): 711–726.
  • Zeren, Fatma ve Asuman K. Yurtkur (2012). “Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısının Ekonomik Gelişmişliğe Etkisi: Coğrafi Ağırlıklı Regresyon Yöntemi”. Sosyoekonomi 17 (17): 63-84.
  • Zivot, Eric & Donald W. K. Andrews (1992). “Further Evidence on The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock and Unit Root Hypothesis”. Journal of Business & Economic Statics 10 (3): 251-270.

Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı ve Ekonomik Büyüme

Year 2020, , 55 - 84, 31.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9203

Abstract

Telekomünikasyon altyapısındaki gelişme bir ülkenin bilgi toplumu olmasına yardımcı olur ve bu sayede ekonomik büyümeye katkı sağlar. Bu nedenle tüm ülkeler 1980’lerden sonra telekomünikasyon yatırımlarına ağırlık vermişler ve altyapı stoklarını hızla arttırmışlardır. Türkiye’de de son yirmi yılda hem özel sektörün hem de kamu sektörünün telekomünikasyon yatırımları bu kapsamda artmış ve telekomünikasyon altyapısı hızla gelişmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de telekomünikasyon altyapısının ekonomik büyümeye katkısı ampirik olarak test edilmiştir. Telekomünikasyon altyapısı göstergesi olarak fiziksel stoklar kullanılmış ve üretim fonksiyonunda bir girdi olarak yer almıştır. Üretim fonksiyonu eş-bütünleşme analizleri ve vektör hata düzeltme modelleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, telekomünikasyon stokunda meydana gelen artışlar uzun dönemde GSYİH’da pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye neden olmaktadır.

References

  • Alleman, James vd. (1994). “Telecommunications and Economic Development: Empirical Evidence from Southern Africa”. 10th Biennial International Telecommunication Society Meeting. Sydney, Australia.
  • Antonelli, Christiano (1991). “The Diffusion of Advanced Telecommunications in Developing Countries”. Development Centre of the O.E.C.D. Paris. 111.
  • Bai, Jushan & Pierre Perron (2003). “Critical Values for Multiple Structural Change Tests”. Econometrics Journal 6 (1): 72-78.
  • Barro J. Robert (1991). “Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106: 407-444.
  • Brooks, H. Douglas & Eugenia C. Go (2014). Asia Rising: Growth and Resilience in an Uncertain Global Economy. Ed. Edward Elgar. New York.
  • Bulut, Ümit (2016). “Etkin Piyasa Hipotezinin Zayıf Formunun Test Edilmesi: Türkiye Örneği”. EconWorld 2016. Barselona, İspanya. 1-3 Şubat. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294890492_Etkin_Piyasa_Hipotezinin_Zayif_Formunun_Test_Edilmesi_Turkiye_Ornegi (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2016).
  • Burnham, B. James (2003). “Why Ireland Boomed”. The Independent Review VII (4): 537-556.
  • Calderon, Cesar & Luis Serven (2004). “The Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Income Distribution”. Central Bank of Chile. Working Papers No. 270.
  • Calderon, Cesar & Luis Serven (2011). “Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4712.
  • Calderon, Cesar & Luis Serven (2014). “Infrastructure, Growth and Inequality: an Overview”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7034.
  • Calderon, Cesar, Enrique Moral- Benito & Luis Serven (2011). “Is Infrastructure capital productive? A Dynamic Heterogeneous Approach”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5682.
  • Carrion-i-Silvestre, L. Joseph, Dukpa Kim & Pierre Perron (2009). “GLS-Based Unit Root Tests with Multiple Structural Breaks under Both the Null and the Alternative Hypotheses”. Econometric Theory 25: 1754-1792.
  • Chavula, H. Kayiska (2013). “Telecommunications Development and Economic Growth in Africa”. Information Technology for Development 19 (1): 5-23.
  • Coase, H. Ronald (1937).“The Nature of the Firm”. Economica 4 (November): 386-405.
  • Cronin, Francis J. vd. (1991) “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: An Analysis of Causality”. Telecommunications Policy 15 (6): 529-35.
  • Çetin, Tamer (2010). “İktisadi Etkinlik Üzerine Bir Deneme: X Etkinlik Yaklaşımı”. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 11 (2): 183-198.
  • Çetinkaya, A. Turan ve Emrah Türk (2014). “Tasarruf ve Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi Türkiye Örneği (1975-2012)”. Kara Harp Okulu Bilim Dergisi 24 (2): 45-60.
  • Datta, Anusua & Sumit Agarwal (2004). “Telecommunication and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach”. Applied Economics 36: 1649-1654.
  • Dutta, Amitava (2001). “Telecommunications and Economic Activity: An Analysis of Granger Causality”. Journal of Management Information Systems / Spring 17 (4): 71-95.
  • Engle, F. Robert & C.W.J. Granger (1987). “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”. Econometrica 55 (2): 251-276.
  • Göçer, İsmet, Mehmet Mercan ve Osman Peker (2013). “Kredi Hacmi Artışının Cari Açığa Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eş-bütünleşme Analizi”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi 18: 1-17.
  • Gregory, W. Allan & Bruce E. Hansen (1996). “Residual-based Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime Shifts”. Journal of Econometrica 70 (1): 99-126.
  • Güvel, Enver Alper ve Cengiz Aytun (2013). “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: An Application for Different Income Groups”. Business and Economics Research Journal 4 (3): 1-20.
  • Grossman, Gene M. & Elhan Helpman (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MIT Press.
  • Hardy, Adam P. (1980). “The Role of Telephone in Economic Development”. Telecommunications Policy 4 (4): 278-286.
  • Jipp, August (1963). “Wealth of Nations and Tele-phone Density”. Telecommunications Journal (July): 199-201.
  • Johansen, Soren (1988). “Statistical Analysis of Co-integration Vectors”. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 12 (2-3): 231-254.
  • Kaur, Kawaljeet & Neena Malhotra (2014). “Telecommunications and Economic Growth in India: Causality Analysis”. International Journal of Research in Business Management 2 (5): 31-46.
  • Kurt, Ayşe (2007). “Türk Telekomünikasyon Sektörü ile Ülke Ekonomisindeki Gelişmeler Arasındaki İlişkinin Varlığı ve Boyutunun Ekonometrik Analizi”. Telekomünikasyon Kurumu 1-10.
  • Lee, Junsoo & Mark C. Strazicich (2003). “Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks”. The Review of Economics and Statistics 85 (4): 1082-1089.
  • Leff, Nathaniel H. (1984). “Externalities, Information Cost, and Social Benefit - Cost Analysis for Economic Development: An Example from Telecommunications”. Economic Development & Cultural Change 32 (2): 55-276.
  • Lucas, Robert E. (1988). “On the Mechanics of Economic Development”. Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1): 3-42.
  • Lydon, Reamonn P. & Williams Mark (2005). “Communications Networks and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries”. Communications & Strategies 58: 43-60.
  • Madden, Garry & Scott J. Savage (2000). “Telecommunications and Economic Growth”. International Journal of Social Economics 27 (7-10): 893-906.
  • Maddock, Rodney (1995). “Telecommunications and Economic Development”. Discusssion Paper 95: 14. Latrobe University: Schools of Economic and Commerce.
  • Maki, Daiki (2012). “Tests for Cointegration Allowing for an Unknown Number of Breaks”. Economic Modelling 29 (5): 2011-2015.
  • Mankiw, Gregory, David Romer & David Weil (1992). “A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107: 407-437.
  • Norton, Seth W. (1992). “Transaction Costs, Telecommunications, and The Microeconomics of Macroeconomic Growth”. Economic Development and Cultural Change 41: 1.
  • Pazarlıoğlu, Vedat ve Özlem K. Gürler (2007). “Telekomünikasyon Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Yaklaşımı”. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar 44 (508): 35-43.
  • Pradhan, Rudra, Mark Arvin, Neville R. Norman & Samadhan K. Bele (2014). “Economic Growth and the Development of Telecommunications Infrastructure in The G-20 Countries: A Panel-VAR Approach”. Telecommunications Policy 38 (7): 634-649.
  • Romp, Ward & Jakob de Haan (2005). “Public Capital and Economic Growth: A Critical Survey”. European Investment Bank Papers 10 (1).
  • Romer, Paul (1986). “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth”. Journal of Political Economy 94 (5): 1002-1037.
  • Romer, Paul (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy 98 (5): 71-102.
  • Roller, L. Handrick & Leonard Waverman (2001). “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach”. American Economic Review 91: 909-23.
  • Sahoo, Pravakar & Ranjan K. Dash (2012). “Economic Growth in South Asia: Role of Infrastructure”. The journal of International Trade & Economic Development 21 (2): 217-252.
  • Seethepalli, Kalpana, Maria C. Bramati & David Veredas (2008). “How Relevant is Infrastructure to Growth in East Asia?”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4597.
  • Solow, Robert (1956). “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 70: 65-94.
  • Sridhar, Kala S. & Varadharajan Sridhar (2007). “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries”. Applied Econometrics and International Development 7: 2.
  • Stigler, George J. (1961). “The Economics of Information”. Journal of Political Economy 69: 213-213.
  • Stigler, George J. (1967). “The Economics of Conflict of Interest”. Journal of Political Economy 75: 100-125.
  • Swan, Trevor W. (1940) “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”. Economic Record 32 (63): 334-361.
  • Torero, Maximo, Shyamal Chowdhurry & S. Bedi Arjun (2002). “Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth: A Cross-country Analysis”. Der. M. Torero and J. van Braun. Information and Communication Technologies for Development and Poverty Reduction: The Potential of Telecommunications. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Waverman, Leonard (2005). “The Impact of Telecoms on Economic Growth in Developing Countries”. Vodafone Policy Paper Series 2: 10-23.
  • Yapraklı, Sevda ve Tuncay Sağlam (2010). “Türkiye’de Bilgi İletişim Teknolojileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. Ege Akademik Bakış 10 (2): 577-598.
  • Yıldız, Fazlı (2012). “Telekomünikasyon Yatırımlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İİBF Fakültesi Dergisi 17 (3): 233-258.
  • Zahra, Kanwal (2008). “Telecommunication Infrastructure Development and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach”. The Pakistan Development Review 47 (4): 711–726.
  • Zeren, Fatma ve Asuman K. Yurtkur (2012). “Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısının Ekonomik Gelişmişliğe Etkisi: Coğrafi Ağırlıklı Regresyon Yöntemi”. Sosyoekonomi 17 (17): 63-84.
  • Zivot, Eric & Donald W. K. Andrews (1992). “Further Evidence on The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock and Unit Root Hypothesis”. Journal of Business & Economic Statics 10 (3): 251-270.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Derya Hekim Yılmaz This is me 0000-0002-2478-2305

İşın Kırışkan This is me 0000-0002-9788-8979

Publication Date January 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Hekim Yılmaz, D., & Kırışkan, İ. (2020). Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Bilig(92), 55-84. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9203
AMA Hekim Yılmaz D, Kırışkan İ. Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Bilig. January 2020;(92):55-84. doi:10.12995/bilig.9203
Chicago Hekim Yılmaz, Derya, and İşın Kırışkan. “Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı Ve Ekonomik Büyüme”. Bilig, no. 92 (January 2020): 55-84. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9203.
EndNote Hekim Yılmaz D, Kırışkan İ (January 1, 2020) Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Bilig 92 55–84.
IEEE D. Hekim Yılmaz and İ. Kırışkan, “Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı ve Ekonomik Büyüme”, Bilig, no. 92, pp. 55–84, January 2020, doi: 10.12995/bilig.9203.
ISNAD Hekim Yılmaz, Derya - Kırışkan, İşın. “Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı Ve Ekonomik Büyüme”. Bilig 92 (January 2020), 55-84. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9203.
JAMA Hekim Yılmaz D, Kırışkan İ. Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Bilig. 2020;:55–84.
MLA Hekim Yılmaz, Derya and İşın Kırışkan. “Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı Ve Ekonomik Büyüme”. Bilig, no. 92, 2020, pp. 55-84, doi:10.12995/bilig.9203.
Vancouver Hekim Yılmaz D, Kırışkan İ. Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyon Altyapısı ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Bilig. 2020(92):55-84.

Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyet Başkanlığı