Dil Emperyalizmi mi Kültürel Diplomasi mi? Erken Cumhuriyet Türkiye’sinde British Council ve Halkevleri

Year 2021, , 255 - 282, 20.01.2021

Resul Babaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9610

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bu araştırmada Türkiye’deki varlığı çeşitli spekülasyonlara konu edilmiş olan British Council’ın 1940’lı yılların başında Halkevlerinde başlatmış olduğu dil kursları, dil emperyalizmi ve kültürel propaganda kavramları etrafında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma kapsamında, II. Dünya Savaşı’na denk gelen bu dönemde Avrupalı büyük devletlerin etkili bir mücadele aracı olarak kullandıkları propaganda olgusu da British Council’ın Türkiye’deki faaliyetlerini incelemek için yararlanılan kavramlardan biri olmuştur. İngilizcenin dünya dili haline getirilmesi şiarıyla başlayan İngiliz kültürel propagandası, iki savaş arası dönemde British Council’ın kurulmasından sonra sistematik bir faaliyet haline getirilmiş, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ise Mihver Devletleri’nin kültürel alandaki yayılmalarına karşı kullanılarak siyasal bir mücadele enstürmanı olarak görülmüştür. British Council’ın Halkevlerinde açtığı dil kursları, İngilizler açısından kültürel propagandanın bir unsuru olarak görülürken dönemin Türkiye’sinin siyasal elitleri ise British Council’ın faaliyetlerini Batılılaşma/ modernleşme serüveninde itici bir güç olarak değerlendirmişlerdir.

Keywords

Türkiye, British Council, Halkevleri, dil emperyalizmi, kültürel propaganda

Linguistic Imperialism or Cultural Diplomacy? British Council and The People’s Houses in Early Republican Turkey

Abstract

In this study, the language courses started in the People’s Houses at the beginning of 1940s by British Council of which presence has been subject to various speculations in Turkey are examined within the scope of language imperialism and cultural propaganda. In addition, in this period of World War II, the fact of propaganda which is an effective means of struggle by European great powers is also one of the concepts used to examine the activities of British Council in Turkey. British cultural propaganda, which started with the principle of turning English into a world language, was transformed into a systematic activity after the establishment of
the British Council and during World War II, it was seen as the instrument of political struggle by using against the spread of the Axis states in the cultural sphere. While the British Council’s language courses in People’s Houses are seen as part of cultural propaganda for the British, the political elites of Turkey in that period saw the British Council’s activities as a driving force in its Westernization / modernization adventure.

Keywords

Turkey, British Council, people’s houses, language imperialism, cultural propaganda

References

• The National Archive (TNA), Records of the British Council (BW) 61/9.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Michael Grant’s Report on Turkey for the Quarter April-June, 1941, TUR/8/7.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Extract from a Letter from Michael Grant, TUR/6/1, February 25, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Extract from a Report by Sir Malcolm Robetson on his Tour Through the Middle East Confidental, January to April 1943.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Extract from Letter from Mr. Michael Grant, The British Council Representative’s Office, Ref: ACC/4/3, March 12, 1943.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Extract from Quarterly Report-Bursa Directorate, TUR/16/1/5, April 6, 1944.
• TNA BW, 61/9, From Angora to Foreign Office, Departmental No.1, June 10,1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, From Angora to Foreign Office, TUR31/6, Jun 8, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, From M.H.S. Everett to Mr. Edward, TUR/20/2, November 11, 1941.
• TNA BW, 61/9, From Marry R.S.M. Hood to Michael Grant, TUR/18/8, October 18, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, From Michael Grant to Everett, Ref No: ACC/4, March 4, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, From Sir Percy Loraine to the Chancellor, TUR/20/2, April 22, 1941.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Jago’s Report on Samsun Halkevi Teaching, Summer 1942, TUR/20/2.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Jago’s Report on Samsun Halkevi Teaching, TUR/20/2, October 10, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Lake’s Report on Smyrna July-August 1942, TUR/20/2, October 10, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Lake’s Report on Smyrna July-August 1942, TUR/8/7, October 19, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Michael Grant’s Report on Turkey for the Quarter April-June, 1941,TUR/8/7, October 30, 1941.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Michael Grant’s Report on Turkey for the Quarter October-December 1940, TUR/20/2.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Michael Grants’s Report on Turkey for the Quarter April-June, 1941, TUR/20/2.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Mr. Notes on Teaching Statistcs, TUR/8/7, January 16, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Notes on Teaching Statistics, TUR/8/7, January 16, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Presentation of Halkevi Libraries, August 31st 1944.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Quarterly Report on General Progress in Turkey, TUR/20/2,March 3, 1941.
• TNA BW, 61/9, , From Sir Malcolm Robertson to Mr. Grant, Ref: TUR/20/2, February 17, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, Relations With the People’s Party, Ref: REP/11, January 29, 1943.
• TNA BW, 61/9, The British Councl Representative Office, Ref: HA/A/1, March 30, 1944.
• TNA BW, 61/9, To Miss Instone, Ref: TUR/20/2, Jul 10, 1942.
• TNA BW, 61/9, From Dr. Tuzer to Sir Malcolm Robertson, Ref: TUR/20/2, February 19, 1942.
• Adam, R. (1949). “British Cultural Relations With Other Nations”. Journal of the Royal United Service Institution (94): 368-378.
• Aral, Ahmet Emin (2014). Kültür Propagandasından Kültürel Diplomasiye: Brtiish Council’in Türkiye’deki Faaliyetlerinin 1940-1950 ve 2005-2014 Dönemlerinde Karşılaştırmalı İncelemesi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniverstesi.
• Aydın, Suavi (1996). “Türk Tarih Tezi ve halkevleri”. Kebikeç (3): 107-130.
• Atherton, Louise (1994). “Lord Lloyd at the British Council and the Balkan Front, 1937-1940”. The International History Review 16 (1): 25-48.
• Baldinetti, Anna (2011). “Fascist Propaganda in the Magrib”. Geschichte und Geseleschaft, Gesellschaft 37 (3). Arab Encounters with Fascist Propaganda 1933-1945. 408- 436.
• Bali, Rıfat N. (2007). “II. Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Türkiye’de Amerikan Propagandası”. Toplumsal Tarih (158): 74-75.
• Bora, Tanıl (2017). Cereyanlar: Türkiye’de Siyasi İdeolojiler. İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
• Boyle, Joseph (1997). “Imperialism and the English Language in Hong Kong”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18 (3): 169-181.
• C.H.P. Halkevleri ve Halkodaları 1932-1942.
• Çeçen, Anıl (1990). Halkevleri. Ankara: Gündoğan Yay.
• Doğaner, Yasemin (2002). “Atatürk İnkılâbının Yerleşmesinde Halkevlerinin Rolü”. KÖK Araştırmalar 2 (2): 77-98.
• Donaldson, Frances (1984). The BritishCouncil: The First Five Years. London: Jonathan Cape.
• Ertan, Temuçin Faik (1994). Kadrocular ve Kadro Hareketi. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yay.
• Finn, Helena K. (2003). “The Case fo Cultural Diplomacy: Engaging Foreign Audiences”. Foreign Affairs 82 (6): 15-20.
• Gillan, Angus (1952). The British Council. The Contemporary Review (181): 26-30.
• Herma, Hans (1943). “Goebbels’ Conception of Propaganda”. Social Research 10 (2): 200-218.
• Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asım (2006). Orada Bir Köy Var Uzakta, Erken Cumhuriyet döneminde Köycü Söylem. İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
• Karaömerlioğu, M. Asım (1998). “The People’s Houses and the Cult of the Peasant in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies”. 34 (4): 67-91.
• Karpat, Kemal H. (1974). “The Impact of the People’s Houses on the Development of Communication in Turkey: 1931-1951”. Die Welt des Islams, New Series 5 (1-4): 69- 84.
• Lee, Stephen J. (2014). Avrupa Tarihinden Kesitler 1789-1980. Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yay.
• Leeper, R. A. (1935). British Culture Abroad. The Contemporary Review (148): 201-207.
• Malkoç, Eminalp (2009). “Activities of British Council in Turkey in 1940’s Through People’s Houses”. International Review of Turkology 2 (4): 23-38.
• Malkoç, Eminalp (2014). “Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Belgelerinde Yurtdığındaki İlk ve Tek Halkevi Örneği: Londra Halkevi”. Türkoloji Kültürü 2 (4): 35-55.
• Müftüoğlu M. Tamer & Yavuz Sabuncu (1993). 1945’ten Günümüze Türkiye İle Batı Dünyası Arasındaki Kültürel İlişkiler. Özyurt Matbaacılık.
• Olgun, Said (2013). “Siirt Halkevi ve Faaliyetleri (1933-1951)”. History Studies 5 (2): 287-301.
• Özacun, Orhan (1996). “Halkevlerinin Dramı”. Kebikeç (3).
• Özal, İlkay Başar (2019). Kısa II. Dünya Savaşı Tarihi. İstanbul: Timaş Yay.
• Parsons, Anthony D. (1985). “Vultures and Philistines: British Attitudes to Culture and Cultural Diplomacy”. International Affairs (Royal Institute of Internatinal Affairs 61 (1): 1-8.
• Peter, Ives (2006). “Global English: Linguistic Imperialism or Practical Lingua Franca?”. Capitalism 1: 121-141.
• Phillipson, Robert (2008). Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
• Ryniejska, Marta (2009). Cultural Diplomacy as a Form of International Communication. University of Wroclaw.
• Salmoni, Barak (2004). “Ordered Liberty and Disciplined Freedom: Turkish Education and Republican Democracy, 1923-1950”. Middle Eastern Studies 40 (2): 80-110.
• Seydi, Süleyman (2006). 1939-1945 Zor Yıllar! 2. Dünya Savaşı’nda İngiliz-alman Propaganda ve İstihbarat Savaşı. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Shakespeare, Richard George (2013). The British Council and British Propaganda During the Interwar Period. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
• Taylor, Philip M. (981). The Protection of Brtiain, British Overseas Publicity and Propaganda, 1919-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Timasheff, N. S. (1943). “On Propaganda”. The American Catholiic Sociological Review 10-15.
• Unat, Kadri (2016). Durmayalım Düşeriz! İktidardan Muhalefete CHP’nin Seçim Propagandaları. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Uyar, Hakkı (2012). Tek Parti Dönemi ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi. İstanbul: Boyut Yay.
• Uzun, Hakan (2010). “Tek Parti Döneminde Yapılan Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Kongreleri Temelinde Değişmez Genel Başkanlık, Kemalizm ve Milli Şef Kavramları”. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi: 233-271.
• Uzun, Hakan (2010). “Bir propaganda Aracı Olarak Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası Halk Hatipleri Teşkilatı”. Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 11: 85-112.
• Yeşilkaya, Neşe Gürallar (2003). Halkevleri: İdeoloji ve Mimarlık. İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
• Yücel, Hasan Ali (1958). İngiltere Mektupları. Ankara: TTK Yay.