Kautilya’nın Dış Politika Kuramı Çerçevesinde Hindistan’ın Orta Asya İle İlişkileri, 1991-2019

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Hindistan’ın Orta Asya ile ilişkileri Hintli siyaset düşünürü Kautilya’nın dış politika kuramı çerçevesinde açıklanmıştır. Bu çalışma da Batı dışı teorik bir yaklaşım olan dış politika kuramı, onun devletler çemberi metodunun bir uygulama alanı olmuştur. Bu da uluslararası ilişkiler alanına katkı sağlamıştır. Hindistan’ı yakın komşularına uygulamış olduğu dört amaç olan radikal dini grupların bölgedeki yayılmasının önlenmesi, yasa dışı ticaretinin durdurulması ve çeşitlendirilmesi ve enerji arz güvenliği gibi hedefler konusunda başarılı olup olmadıkları test edilmiştir. Hindistan bölge ülke ile ilişkileri üç tema üzerinden yürütülmüştür. Bunlar siyasi, güvenlik ve ekonomik ilişkilerdir. Ayrıca Hindistan, ŞİÖ ile, bölge ülkeleri ile olan iş birliğini artırsa da ekonomik ilişkilerde ciddi bir sıçrama kaydedilmemiştir. Hindistan bölgede artan Çin nüfuzuna karşın, alternatif bir ekonomik güç olma kapasitesine rağmen, Rusya’nın Çin ile bölge üzerinde daha yakın durması bu etkiye kırmaktadır. Eğer Hindistan bölgesel ekonomik ilişkilerini artırırsa hem bölgesel güç hem de küresel bir güç olma kapasitesine sahiptir.

Keywords

• Kautilya
• Dış Politika Teorisi
• Devletler Çemberi
• Hindistan
• Orta Asya.

India’s Relations with Central Asia in Framework of Kautilya’s Foreign Policy Theories, 1991-2019

Abstract

In this study, India’s bilateral relations with Central Asian States are explained within the framework of the circle of states theory and foreign policy approach of the ancient Indian political thinker Kautilya. The employment of his theory contributed the field of international relations by bringing new non-western perspectives and dynamics. The study is conceptualised by circle of state and foreign policy approach of Kautilya. It is assessed the success of major objectives of India, which is implemented to the neighbour states, controlling of the radical religious groups, prevention of drug trade, diversification of trade as well as energy supply security. India has been implemented its bilateral relations in three sectors in that they are politics, security and economic relations. India has also developed its security-oriented relations with having membership within Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Although trade relation is dramatically rise in minor range, it has not much meaningful development for bilateral relations. Having huge capacity to balance the increasing influence of China in the region, the allowance of Russia towards China in the region has weaken the strength of Indian balancing role in the region. It is considered that Indian economic rise will make her regional and global power in international politics.

Keywords

• Kautilya
• Foreign Policy Theory
• Circle of State
• India
• Central Asia

References

1. Acharya, A., and Buzan, B. Non-Western international relations theory: Perspectives from Asia. Routledge, 2010.
2. Akbarzadeh, Sharam. “India and Pakistan’s Geostrategic Rivalry in Central Asia.” Contmporary South Asia, vol. 12, no. 2, 2003, p. 219.
3. Anas, Omair. “Indian Muslims between Exclusion and Political Populism”, Al-Jazeera Centre for Studies, 30 November, 2016. http://studies.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2016/11/30/fdb30181bb484837b730317c-1c0795b1_100.pdf.
4. Avrupa Komisyonu. European Union, Trade with India, 2019. https://webgate. ec.europa.eu/isdb_results/factsheets/country/details_india_en.pdf.
5. Bawa, Singh. “India’s Central Asia Policy: An Overview of the Challenges and Options.” Journal of Eurasian Affairs, vol. 4, no.1, 2016. http://www.eurasianaffairs. net/indias-central-asia-policy-an-overview-of-the-challenges-andoptions/.
6. Behera, Navnita C. “Re-imagining Ir in India.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, vol. 7, no. 3, 2007, pp. 341-368.
7. Boesche, Roger. “Moderate Machiavelli? Contrasting the Prince with the Arthashastra of Kautilya.” Critical Horizons, vol. 3, no. 2, 2002, pp. 253-276.
8. Buzan, Barry, and Ole Waever. Regions and Powers: A Guide to the Global Security Order. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

9. Chaudhury, Dipanjan R. “Uzbekistan eyes to emerge as India’s gateway to Central Asia.” The Economic Times, 2019, p.3. https://economictimes.indiatimes. com/news/politics-andnation/uzbekistan-eyes-to-emerge-as-indias-gateway-to-central-asia/articleshow/67537683.cms.
10. Curzon, George N. C. The Place of India in the Empire: Being an Address Delivered Before the Philosophical Institute of Edinburgh. New York?. Elibron Classics, 2007.
11. Deepak, B R. India and China: Beyond the Binary of Friendship and Enmity. 2020.
12. Deutsch, Karl W., and J. D. Singer. Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability. New Haven: Yale University, Political Science Research Library, 1964, pp. 390-406. http://ceenenerji.com.tr.
13. Enerji IQ. Enerji Piyasaları Raporu, no. 2019-41/358, S. 6, 24 Ekim 2019.
14. Erol, Mehmet Seyfettin. “Avrasya Güvenliğinde Kazakistan’ın Konumu.” 24 Şubat 2018. https://ankasam.org/avrasya-guvenliginde-kazakistanin-konumu/.
15. Gupta, Gauri S. “India’s Foreign Policy.”Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, 2013, pp. 8-20.
16. Hasanov, Ali. Jeopolitik: Teorileri, Metodolojisi, Aktörleri, Tarihi, Karakteristiği, Kavramları. Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı, 2012.
17. Hindistan Dış İşleri Bakanlığı. “Kyrgyzstan - The Ministry of External Affairs.” 2017. https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Kyrgyzstan_30,08,_2017.pdf
18. Jalal, Ayesha. The Pity of Partition: Manto’s Life, Times, and Work Across the India-Pakistan Divide. Princeton University Press, 2013.
19. Joseph, Josy. “India to open military hospital in Tajikistan.” Indian Times, 2011, p.1. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-open-military-hospital-in-Tajikistan/articleshow/10810702.cms.
20. Kabar Kg. “Kırgızistan ve Hindistan arasında dostluk ilişkiler görüşüldü.” Kabar News, 2018, s. 1. http://kabar.kg/tur/news/k-rg-zistan-ve-hindistan-arasnda-dostluk-ili-kiler-goru-uldu/.
21. Kailash Prasad, and Rani Mullen. “India-Tajikistan Brief.” Indian Development Cooperation Research, 2014, pp. 3-4. https://www.cprindia.org/sites/default/ files/policybriefs/IndiaTajikistan%20Brief%20Final.pdf.
22. Kanak, Gokran. “Evolving geopolitics in Eurasia: Implications for India Research Intern.” July Report, 2015, p. 7. https://www.orfonline.org/research/evolving-geopolitics-in-eurasia-implications-for-india/.
23. Karaağaçlı, Abbas. “Tacikistan’ın Siyasal ve Toplumsal Yapısı.” Bilgesam, 21 Aralık 2012, p. 3. http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/177/-tacikistan%E2%80%99insiyasal- ve-toplumsal-yapisi/#. WzDd5xSKD_U.
24. Katzenstein, Peter J. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. Columbia University Press, 1996.
25. Kaushiki, Nishtha. “The New Great Game and India’s Connect Central Asia Policy: Strategic Perspectives and Challenges.” Journal of International and Area Studies, vol. 20, no. 2, 2013, pp. 83-100.
26. Kautilya. The Arthashastra, ed. and trans. L.N. Rangarajan, India Penguin Classics, 1992.
27. Kavalski, Emilian. India and Central Asia: The Mythmaking and International Relations of a Rising Power. I.B. Tauris & Co, 2010, pp. 41-45.
28. Kemp, Geoffrey. The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press, 2012, pp. 61-62.
29. Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye. Power and Interdependence. Pearson, 2012.
30. Moraes, F R. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Jaico Pub. House, 1968.
31. Muni, S D. India’s Foreign Policy: The Democracy Dimension: with Special Reference to Neighbours, 2009.
32. Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). “Turkmenistan Country Profile”, 2019, p.1. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tkm/.
33. Ogden, Chris. Indian Foreign Policy, 2014, pp. 61-62.
34. Omelicheva, Mariya Y. “Authoritarian Legitimation: Assessing Discourses of Legitimacy in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.” Central Asian Survey, vol. 35, no. 4, 2016, pp. 481-500.
35. Pande, Aparna. From Chanakya to Modi: The Evolution of India’s Foreign Policy. Harper Collins Publishers India, 2017.
36. Panigrahi, D. N. India’s Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat, 2010.
37. Paul, T. V. The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
38. Raja, Mohan C. India, the United States and the Global Commons. Center for a New American Security, 2010.
39. Rangan, Pavithra S. “Persian Translations of Sanskrit Texts Show Respect.” Outlook India, 1 November 2014. http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/ persian-translations-of-sanskrit-texts-show-respect/292627.
40. Roy, Meena S. “India-kazakhstan: Emerging Ties.” Strategic Analysis, vol. 26, no. 1, 2002, pp. 48-64.
41. Roy, Olivier. The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations. New York Univ. Press, 2005.
42. Snyder, Jack L. The Soviet Strategic Culture. Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. Rand Corp Santa Monica Calif, 1977.
43. “UN Comtrade Database Indian Trade Relations with Central Asia.” 2017, pp. 1-2, https://comtrade.un.org/api/refs/da/view?fmt=csv.
44. Waltz, Kenneth N. “The Stability of a Bipolar World.” Daedalus, vol. 93, no. 3, 1964, pp. 881-909.
45. Waltz, Kenneth, and Stephen M. Walt. Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. Columbia University Press, 2018.
46. Wendt, Alexander E. “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory.” International Organization, no. 41, 1987, pp. 335-370.
47. “WITS World Integrated Trade Solutions.” 2019, p. 1. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/IND.
48. World Bank/ World Integrated Trade Systems. “India Product exports and imports from Uzbekistan.” 2017. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/ Country/IND/Year/2017/TradeFlow/EXPIMP/Partner/UZB/Product/allgroups.