The Determinants of Tax Culture in Transition Economies: The Case of Kyrgyzstan
Year 2015,
Issue: 75, 43 - 74, 01.12.2015
Raziyahan Abdiyeva
Tuncer Özdil
,
Cusup Pirimbayev
Abstract
The government needs reliable and permanent financing resources to carry out its functions successfully and effectively. Reliable and permanent finance resources depend on the efficiency of the tax system. The success of the tax system depends on how well taxpayers fulfill their tax obligations. In our study we research tax culture and its determinants in Kyrgyzstan. The most important factors affecting tax culture are: trust in the government, quality of public services, and informal economy. The results were analysed through t-test, chi-square test and factor analysis by using SPSS program.
References
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- Aktan, Coşkun Can (2006).“Vergi Psikolojisinin Temelleri ve Vergi Ahlâ- kı”. Vergileme Ekonomisi ve Vergileme Psikolojisi. Ed. C.C. Aktan, D.Dileyici ve İ.Y. Vural. Ankara: Seçkin Yay. 125-137.
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- Alm, James, Garry H McClelland and William D Schulze (1992). “Why do People Pay Taxes?”. Journal of Public Economics 48(1): 21-38.
- Alm, James, Garry H McClelland and William D Schulze (1999). “Changing the Social Norm of Tax Compliance by Voting”. Kyklos 52(2): 141-71.
- Çağlayan, Ebru ve Raziyahan Abdiyeva (2012). “Determinants and Consequences of Tax Culture In Kyrgyzstan”. The Empirical Economic Letters 11 (6).
- Daude, Christian and Angel, Melguizo (2010). “Taxation and More Representation? On Fiscal Policy, Social Mobility and Democracy in Latin America”, OECD Development Centre Working Paper, 294, OECD, Paris.
- D’Arcy, Michelle (2011). “Why Do citizens Assent to Pay Tax? Legitimacy, Taxation, and the African State”, Afrobarometer Working Papers 126.
- Ronald, G Cummings, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Michael McKee, Benno Torgler (2005). “Effects of Tax Morale on Tax Compliance: Experimental and Survey Evidence”. Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts. Working Paper No. 29. Basel.
- EBRD, (2011). Life in Transition Survey II http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/ research/surveys/LiTS2eg.pdf, (23.01.13).
- Feld, Lars P and Bruno S Frey (2002). “Trust Breeds Trust: How Taxpayers are Treated”. The Australian National University, Australian Taxation Office. Centre for Tax System Integrity. Working Paper No: 32. June.
- Feld, Lars P and J-R. Tyran (2002). “Tax Evasion and Voting: An Experimental Analysis”. Kyklos 55(2): 197-222.
- Frey, Bruno S and Benno Torgler (2004). ‘Taxation and Conditional Cooperation’. Working Paper 2005-20. Center for Research in Economics, Management and Arts (CREMA). http://www.torgler.com/pdf/2004_20_ frey_torgler.pdf
- Frey, Bruno S and Benno Torgler (2006). “Tax Morale and Conditional Cooperation”. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics. University of Zurich. Working Paper No. 286, ISSN 1424-0459.
- Gaviria, Alejandro (2007). “Social Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution in Latin America”, Economia 8(1), pp. 55-88.
- Gencel, Ufuk ve Elif Kuru (2012). “Vergi Kültürü ve Vergi Politikaları Etkileşimi: Türkiye Değerlendirmesi”. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 10 (20): 29-60.
- Graetz, Michael J. & Louis L. Wilde (1985). “The Economics of Tax Compliance: Fact and Fantasy”. National Tax Journal 38: 355-63.
- Hug, Simon and Franziska, Sporri (2011). “Referendums, Trust, and Tax Evasion”, European Journal of Political Economy, 27(1), pp.120- 131.
- IMF (1998). Kyrgyz Republıc Recent Economic Developments. Country Report 98/8. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/1998/cr9808.pdf
- Kalaycı, Şeref (2006). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Teknikler. Ankara: Asil Yay.
- Karatalov, Omurbek (2010). “Nalogi i tenevaya ekonomika”. Kırgı- zistan’da Vergi Kanununu Uygulamaları Sorunları Konferansı Bildiri Kitabı. Salam Yay. (Kırgız-Rus Slavyan Üniversitesi, Налоги и «теневая» экономика. Сборник материалов второй научно практической конференции, по вопросам применения Налогового кодекса Кыргызской Республики. КРСУ. USAID. Бишкек,ОсОО Издательский дом «Салам») Kirchler, Erich (2007). The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kırgız Cumhuriyeti İstatistik Komitesi, Devlet Bütçesi Gelirleri. http:// stat.kg/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itid=101 (21.01.13)
- Levi, Margaret and Alexander, Sacks (2009). “Legitimating beliefs: Sources and Indicators”, Regulation & Governance, 3(4), pp.311-333.
- Martinez-Vasquez, Jorge and Robert McNab (1997). “The Tax Reform Experiment in Transition Countries”. National Tax Journal 2000 (53): 273–298.
- Markisova, Gülnaz (2014). “Vergi Kültürü ve Devlete Güven”, Azerbaycanın Vergi Jurnalı, 5 (119), s.161-172.
- Matveyev, Vladimir (1960). Gosudarstvo i nalogi. Kirgizskoye gosudarstvennoye izdatelstvo, Frunze (Государство и налоги. Киргизское государственное издательство, Фрунзе)
- Daude, Christian., Gutiérrez, Hamlet and Melguizo, Ángel (2012). “What Drives Tax Morale?, OECD Development Centre, Working Paper No. 315
- Rısaliyeva, Meerim (2010). Nalogi i nalogooblojeniye. Kırgız-Rus Slavyan Üniversitesi Yay. (Налоги и налогообложение, КРСУ).
- Sakınç, Süreyya (2004). “Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Kriz ve Bütçe Yönetimi: Kırgızistan Deneyimi”. Proceedings of the First International Cenference on the Fiscal Policies in Transition Economies. Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University Publication No: 56. Conference Series No:5. 431- 39.
- Sarıbayev, Аyılçı (2002). Gosudarstvennıye finansı v Kırgızskoy Respubliki. Nauka obrazovaniye, Bişkek (Государственные финансы в экономике Кыргызской Республики. Наука и образование, Бишкек)
- Tekeli, Recep (2011). “The Determinants of Tax Morale: the Effects of Cultural Differences and Politics”. Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance of Japan, PRI Discussion Paper Series, No. 11A-1. http://www.mof.go.jp/pri/international_exchange/visiting_scholar_ program/ws2011_d.pdf
- Torgler, Benno (2005). “Tax Morale and Direct Democracy”. European Journal of Political Economy 21: 525-531.
- _____, (2003)a. Tax Morale: Theory and Empirical Analysis of Tax Compliance. Doktora Tezi. Basel Üniversitesi. http://edoc.unibas.ch/56/1/ DissB_6463.pdf
- _____, (2003)b. “Tax Morale in Transition Countries, Post-Communist Economies”. 15 (3).
- _____, (2004a). “Tax Morale Trust and Corruption: Empirical E v i - dence from Transition Countries”. CREMA Working Paper, No: 2004-5. Basel.
- _____Torgler, Benno (2004). “Tax Morale in Asian Countries”, Journal of Asian Economics, 15(2), pp. 237-266.
- _____ Torgler, Benno (2005). “Tax Morale in Latin America”, Public Choice, 122(1/2), pp. 133-157.
- _____, (2007). Tax Compliance and Tax Morale: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Torgler, Benno and Christoph A Schaltegger (2007). “Tax Morale: A Survey with a Special Focus on Switzerland”. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik 142 (3): 395–425.
- Tosuner, Mehmet ve İhsan Cemil Demir (2007). “Toplumsal Bir Olgu Olarak Bir Vergi Ahlakı”. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9/3: 1-20.
- Tuay, Elif ve İnci Güvenç (2007). “Türkiye’de Mükelleflerin Vergiye Bakışı”. Endüstri ve Örgüt Psikolojisi Yüksek Lisans Programı Stajı Raporu.
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Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Vergi Kültürü ve Etkileyen Faktörler: Kırgızistan Örneği
Year 2015,
Issue: 75, 43 - 74, 01.12.2015
Raziyahan Abdiyeva
Tuncer Özdil
,
Cusup Pirimbayev
Abstract
Devletin fonksiyonlarını etkin ve başarılı bir şekilde yerine getirebilmesi için sürekli ve sağlıklı finansal kaynaklara ihtiyacı vardır. Devletin sağlıklı bir şekilde sürekli gelire sahip olması ancak vergi sisteminin etkinliğine bağlıdır. Vergi sisteminin başarısını ise mükelleflerin vergi yükümlülüklerini yerine getirme düzeyi belirlemektedir.Çalışmamızda bir geçiş ekonomisi olan Kırgızistan’daki mükelleflerin vergi kültürü ve bu vergi kültürünü etkileyen faktörler araştırılmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre vergi kültürünü etkileyen en önemli faktörlerin devlete güven, kamu hizmetlerinin kalitesi ve kayıt dışı ekonomi olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Kırgızistan’ın başkenti Bişkek’te yaşayan 500 vergi mükellefine uygulanan anketle elde edilen veriler, betimleyici istatistiklerin yanı sıra istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıkların “tek örneklem t” testiyle araştırılmasıyla istatistiksel olarak incelenmiştir. Ayrıca araştırmada vergi kültürünü açıklamada en önemli faktörleri belirlemede çok değişkenli istatistiksel tekniklerden faktör analizi kullanılmış olup, ankette elde edilen sonuçların içsel tutarlılığı güvenilirlik analiziyle de değerlendirilmiştir
References
- Akdoğan, Abdurrahman (2005). Kamu Maliyesi. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Aktan, Coşkun Can (2006).“Vergi Psikolojisinin Temelleri ve Vergi Ahlâ- kı”. Vergileme Ekonomisi ve Vergileme Psikolojisi. Ed. C.C. Aktan, D.Dileyici ve İ.Y. Vural. Ankara: Seçkin Yay. 125-137.
- Allingham, Michael G. & Agnar Sandmo (1972). “Income Tax Evasion: a Theoretical Analysis”. Journal of Public Economics 1: 323-38.
- Alm, James, Betty R Jackson and Michael McKee (1992). “Deterrence and Beyond: Toward aKinder, Gentler IRS”. Why People Pay Taxes. Ed. J. Slemrod. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 311-329.
- Alm, James, Garry H McClelland and William D Schulze (1992). “Why do People Pay Taxes?”. Journal of Public Economics 48(1): 21-38.
- Alm, James, Garry H McClelland and William D Schulze (1999). “Changing the Social Norm of Tax Compliance by Voting”. Kyklos 52(2): 141-71.
- Çağlayan, Ebru ve Raziyahan Abdiyeva (2012). “Determinants and Consequences of Tax Culture In Kyrgyzstan”. The Empirical Economic Letters 11 (6).
- Daude, Christian and Angel, Melguizo (2010). “Taxation and More Representation? On Fiscal Policy, Social Mobility and Democracy in Latin America”, OECD Development Centre Working Paper, 294, OECD, Paris.
- D’Arcy, Michelle (2011). “Why Do citizens Assent to Pay Tax? Legitimacy, Taxation, and the African State”, Afrobarometer Working Papers 126.
- Ronald, G Cummings, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Michael McKee, Benno Torgler (2005). “Effects of Tax Morale on Tax Compliance: Experimental and Survey Evidence”. Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts. Working Paper No. 29. Basel.
- EBRD, (2011). Life in Transition Survey II http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/ research/surveys/LiTS2eg.pdf, (23.01.13).
- Feld, Lars P and Bruno S Frey (2002). “Trust Breeds Trust: How Taxpayers are Treated”. The Australian National University, Australian Taxation Office. Centre for Tax System Integrity. Working Paper No: 32. June.
- Feld, Lars P and J-R. Tyran (2002). “Tax Evasion and Voting: An Experimental Analysis”. Kyklos 55(2): 197-222.
- Frey, Bruno S and Benno Torgler (2004). ‘Taxation and Conditional Cooperation’. Working Paper 2005-20. Center for Research in Economics, Management and Arts (CREMA). http://www.torgler.com/pdf/2004_20_ frey_torgler.pdf
- Frey, Bruno S and Benno Torgler (2006). “Tax Morale and Conditional Cooperation”. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics. University of Zurich. Working Paper No. 286, ISSN 1424-0459.
- Gaviria, Alejandro (2007). “Social Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution in Latin America”, Economia 8(1), pp. 55-88.
- Gencel, Ufuk ve Elif Kuru (2012). “Vergi Kültürü ve Vergi Politikaları Etkileşimi: Türkiye Değerlendirmesi”. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 10 (20): 29-60.
- Graetz, Michael J. & Louis L. Wilde (1985). “The Economics of Tax Compliance: Fact and Fantasy”. National Tax Journal 38: 355-63.
- Hug, Simon and Franziska, Sporri (2011). “Referendums, Trust, and Tax Evasion”, European Journal of Political Economy, 27(1), pp.120- 131.
- IMF (1998). Kyrgyz Republıc Recent Economic Developments. Country Report 98/8. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/1998/cr9808.pdf
- Kalaycı, Şeref (2006). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Teknikler. Ankara: Asil Yay.
- Karatalov, Omurbek (2010). “Nalogi i tenevaya ekonomika”. Kırgı- zistan’da Vergi Kanununu Uygulamaları Sorunları Konferansı Bildiri Kitabı. Salam Yay. (Kırgız-Rus Slavyan Üniversitesi, Налоги и «теневая» экономика. Сборник материалов второй научно практической конференции, по вопросам применения Налогового кодекса Кыргызской Республики. КРСУ. USAID. Бишкек,ОсОО Издательский дом «Салам») Kirchler, Erich (2007). The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kırgız Cumhuriyeti İstatistik Komitesi, Devlet Bütçesi Gelirleri. http:// stat.kg/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itid=101 (21.01.13)
- Levi, Margaret and Alexander, Sacks (2009). “Legitimating beliefs: Sources and Indicators”, Regulation & Governance, 3(4), pp.311-333.
- Martinez-Vasquez, Jorge and Robert McNab (1997). “The Tax Reform Experiment in Transition Countries”. National Tax Journal 2000 (53): 273–298.
- Markisova, Gülnaz (2014). “Vergi Kültürü ve Devlete Güven”, Azerbaycanın Vergi Jurnalı, 5 (119), s.161-172.
- Matveyev, Vladimir (1960). Gosudarstvo i nalogi. Kirgizskoye gosudarstvennoye izdatelstvo, Frunze (Государство и налоги. Киргизское государственное издательство, Фрунзе)
- Daude, Christian., Gutiérrez, Hamlet and Melguizo, Ángel (2012). “What Drives Tax Morale?, OECD Development Centre, Working Paper No. 315
- Rısaliyeva, Meerim (2010). Nalogi i nalogooblojeniye. Kırgız-Rus Slavyan Üniversitesi Yay. (Налоги и налогообложение, КРСУ).
- Sakınç, Süreyya (2004). “Geçiş Ekonomilerinde Kriz ve Bütçe Yönetimi: Kırgızistan Deneyimi”. Proceedings of the First International Cenference on the Fiscal Policies in Transition Economies. Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University Publication No: 56. Conference Series No:5. 431- 39.
- Sarıbayev, Аyılçı (2002). Gosudarstvennıye finansı v Kırgızskoy Respubliki. Nauka obrazovaniye, Bişkek (Государственные финансы в экономике Кыргызской Республики. Наука и образование, Бишкек)
- Tekeli, Recep (2011). “The Determinants of Tax Morale: the Effects of Cultural Differences and Politics”. Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Finance of Japan, PRI Discussion Paper Series, No. 11A-1. http://www.mof.go.jp/pri/international_exchange/visiting_scholar_ program/ws2011_d.pdf
- Torgler, Benno (2005). “Tax Morale and Direct Democracy”. European Journal of Political Economy 21: 525-531.
- _____, (2003)a. Tax Morale: Theory and Empirical Analysis of Tax Compliance. Doktora Tezi. Basel Üniversitesi. http://edoc.unibas.ch/56/1/ DissB_6463.pdf
- _____, (2003)b. “Tax Morale in Transition Countries, Post-Communist Economies”. 15 (3).
- _____, (2004a). “Tax Morale Trust and Corruption: Empirical E v i - dence from Transition Countries”. CREMA Working Paper, No: 2004-5. Basel.
- _____Torgler, Benno (2004). “Tax Morale in Asian Countries”, Journal of Asian Economics, 15(2), pp. 237-266.
- _____ Torgler, Benno (2005). “Tax Morale in Latin America”, Public Choice, 122(1/2), pp. 133-157.
- _____, (2007). Tax Compliance and Tax Morale: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Torgler, Benno and Christoph A Schaltegger (2007). “Tax Morale: A Survey with a Special Focus on Switzerland”. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik 142 (3): 395–425.
- Tosuner, Mehmet ve İhsan Cemil Demir (2007). “Toplumsal Bir Olgu Olarak Bir Vergi Ahlakı”. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9/3: 1-20.
- Tuay, Elif ve İnci Güvenç (2007). “Türkiye’de Mükelleflerin Vergiye Bakışı”. Endüstri ve Örgüt Psikolojisi Yüksek Lisans Programı Stajı Raporu.
- Yakışık, Harun. (2006). Kırgızıstan’da Kayıt Dışı Ekonominin Boyutları: Etkileri veTahmini. Doktora Tezi. KTMÜ.