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Sırderya Nehri’nin Aşağı Kısmındaki Kışlaklarının Yöresel Özellikleri (XIX – XX yy. ilk yarısı)

Year 2015, Issue: 75, 157 - 176, 01.12.2015

Abstract

Makalede Sırderya Nehri’nin aşağısındaki kışlık ve otlakların yerleşimi ile onların özellikleri ele alınmaktadır. Kışlık otlaklar rüzgârdan korunma amaçlı ve bol meraların bulunduğu yerlerde özel olarak nehir ve göllerin etrafında, dağların oyukları ile kumlu burhanlarda yerleşmiştir. Kışlık otlakların büyüklüğü, hayvanların sayısı ve çiftliğin boyutuna bağlı idi. Eskiden Kazaklar kışlık göçebe evlerde yaşamışlardır. Kazakların ilk kışlık evlerinin kuruluşu 18 yy. sonu ile 19 yy. başlarına dayanır. Hayvancılıkla uğraşan çok sayıdaki Kazak avulların (köylerin) belirli kışlık evleri olmamıştır, onlar kış ayları da göçebe hayatını sürdürmeye devam etmişlerdir. Kışlık evler yerli tabiatın özelliklerine göre, yanmamış tuğla, saz otu, toprak ve ağaçtan inşa ediliyordu. 19 yy.’ın ikinci yarısından kışlık evlerin kuruluşu gelişmeye başlamıştır, bunun sebepleri de yazlık ve kışlık meraların kısalması, kış aylarında hayvan sayısının kıtlıktan azalması ve Kazakların yerleşik hayata geçmesi ile bağlı kalır. 20 yy. başında göçebelerin yerleşik hayata geçmesi ile kışlık evler Kazakların sürekli ikamet mekânı olmuştur.

References

  • Author`s expedition material (AEM).
  • Andreev, Ivan Grigorievich (1998). Opisanie Srednej Ordy kirgiz-kajsakov. Almaty: Gylym.
  • Bukejhan, Alihan (1995). Izbrannoe. Ovcevodstvo v stepnom krae. Almaty, Kazahskaja jenciklopedija. 153-181.
  • Dobrosmyslov, Aleksandr Ivanovich (1895). Skotovodstvo v Turgaiskoi oblasti. Orenburg: Tipografiya P.N.Zharikova.
  • G-ii. (1888). Zametky ohotnika. Turkistanskie vedomosti. Tashkent. 38: 149-151, 39: 153-154.
  • Isfahani, Fazallah ibn Ruzbehan (1976). Mihman name-ij Buhara (Zapiski Buharskogo gostya). Translation, preface and remarks of R.P. Dzhalilova. Moskva: Under edition of A.K. Arends.
  • Karuts, Rihard (1910). Sredi kirgizov i turkmenov na Mangishlake. Translated from German by E.Petri. Saint-Peterburg: Edition А.F.Devriev.
  • Krasovski M. (1868). Materialy dlja geografii i statistiki Rossii, sobrannye oficerami general’nogo shtaba. Oblast’ Sibirskih kirgizov. Part 1-3. SaintPeterburg.
  • Levshin, Aleksei Iraklevich (1996). Opisanie kirgiz-kazach’ih ili kirgizkajsackih ord i stepej. Almaty: Sanat.
  • Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju (1913). Syr-Dar’inskaja oblast’. Kazalinskij uezd. Glavnoe upravlenie zemleustrojstva i zemledelija Pereselencheskogo upravlenija. – Tashkent: Tipo-litografija V.M. Il’ina.
  • Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju (1912). Syr-Dar’inskaja oblast’. Perovski uezd. Glavnoe upravlenie zemleustrojstva i zemledelija Pereselencheskogo upravlenija. – Tashkent: Tipo-litografija V.M. Il’ina.
  • Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju (1903). Sobrannye i razrabotannye jekspediciej po izsledovaniju stepnyh oblastej. Pavlodarskij uezd. Volume ІV. – Voronezh.
  • Mejer, LЕv Lavrientevich (1865). Materialy dlja geografii i statistiki Rossii, sobrannye oficerami general’nogo shtaba. Ch.1. Kirgizskaja step’. Orenburgskogo vedomostva. Saint-Petersburg.
  • Nebol’sin, Pavel Ivanovich (1855). Ocherki torgovli Rossii so Srednej Aziej. ZIRGO. Knizhka 10. Saint-Petersburg. V tipografii Imp.A.Sc. I.I.
  • Obzor Syr-Dar’inskoj oblasti (1888). Prilozhenie k vsepoddanejshemu otchetu voennogo gubernatora oblasti za 1886 g. Tashkent: Tipo-litografija S.I.Lahtina.
  • Obzor Syr-Dar’inskoj oblasti za 1889 god (1890). Prilozhenija k Vsepoddanejshemu otchetu voennogo gubernatora. Tashkent: Tipografija brat’ev O i G.Percevyh.
  • Obzor Syr-Dar’inskoj oblasti za 1906 god (1907). Tashkent: Tipo-litografija VAS. Mef.Il’ina.
  • Pallas, Petr Simon (1773). Puteshestvija po raznym provincijam Rossijskoj imperi. P.1. Putishestviye 1768-1769 y.y. Translated by O. Tomski. SaintPetersburg: Tipog.Imp.ASc.
  • Polochanski E.A. (1926). Za novyi aul-qystau. Moskva.
  • Sokolovski V.G. (1926). Kazakhsky aul.K voprosu o metodah ego gosudarstvennoi statistiki na osnove hresheniyi V-oy Vsekazakhskoi Partconferentsiyi i 2-go Plenuma Kazakraikoma VKP (b) Predislovo U.Dzhandosova. Central Statistical Management.Kaz.ASSR. Tashkent: It is printed on a stilograf KazTsSU.
  • Spiridonov D.M. (1922). Kirgizskie pustynnye stepi. Sankt-Peterburg. IZS otdeleniya RGO (1): 34-47, (2): 87-113.
  • Shkapski, Orest Ovenirovich (1889). Ot Orska do Kazalinska (kochevoy byt kazakhskogo naroda). Turkistanskye vedomosty 33: 127-128, 36: 140-141, 42: 164, 43: 167-168.
  • Vostrov, Viniamin Vasilievich (1963). Nekotorye voprosy jetnografii kazahov Kzyl-Ordinskoj oblasti. Materialy i issledovanija po jetnografii kazahskogo naroda 18: 30-50.
  • Zhanibekov, Ozbekaly (1995). Zholairyqta. Almaty: Rauan.
  • Zagrjazhskij, Georgi Semenovich (1874). Byt kochevogo naselenija dolin Chu i Syrdar’i. Turkestanskie vedomosty. Tashkent. 25: 97-98, 27: 106-107, 28: 110-111, 30: 118-119, 31:123, 32: 129-130.
  • Picture 1 – Winter encampment of the rich Kazakhs. Perovsk region, Tsarskaiya volost. 1910. Picture taken by A. Fisher. (Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju, 1912: 40 А)
  • Picture 2 – Middle life style of the Kazakhs` winter encampment. Perovsk region, Sauran volost. 1910. Picture taken by A. Fisher. (Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju, 1912: 32 А)
  • Picture 3 – The winter encampment of the poor. Sauran volost. 1910. Picture taken by A. Fisher. (Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju, 1912: 32 А)
  • Picture 4 – Winter encampment of the rich Kazakhs. Perovsk region, Maslov volost. 1910. Picture taken by A. Fisher. (Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju, 1912: 48 А)
  • Picture 5 – Zhertole. Graphical reconstruction.

The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century)

Year 2015, Issue: 75, 157 - 176, 01.12.2015

Abstract

The article considers the peculiarities of the location of wintering and winter pastures on the lower reaches of Syrderya and their difference from other regions. Winter pastures were chosen on river valleys or near lakes, mountain hollows or between sand dunes protected from the wind with sufficient pasture places. The size of winter pastures depended on the number of livestock and farm size. The places where the winter houses stood were passed through inheritance. The Kazakhs used to live in nomad tents in winter. The first winter buildings of the Kazakhs were built at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. Many Kazakh villages engaged in nomadic pastoralism did not have permanent winter places and continued their nomadic lifestyle even in winter. Wintering materials were connected with the local natural landscape features: brick, reed, clay, wood. The construction of winter houses grew rapidly in the second half of the 19th century. This was because of the dwindling of summer and winter pastures, the loss of cattle due to scarcity of nutrition and Kazakh’s transition from nomadic to sedentary life. Together with the adoption of sedentary life at the beginning of the 20th century, winter houses became Kazakhs’ permanent place of residence

References

  • Author`s expedition material (AEM).
  • Andreev, Ivan Grigorievich (1998). Opisanie Srednej Ordy kirgiz-kajsakov. Almaty: Gylym.
  • Bukejhan, Alihan (1995). Izbrannoe. Ovcevodstvo v stepnom krae. Almaty, Kazahskaja jenciklopedija. 153-181.
  • Dobrosmyslov, Aleksandr Ivanovich (1895). Skotovodstvo v Turgaiskoi oblasti. Orenburg: Tipografiya P.N.Zharikova.
  • G-ii. (1888). Zametky ohotnika. Turkistanskie vedomosti. Tashkent. 38: 149-151, 39: 153-154.
  • Isfahani, Fazallah ibn Ruzbehan (1976). Mihman name-ij Buhara (Zapiski Buharskogo gostya). Translation, preface and remarks of R.P. Dzhalilova. Moskva: Under edition of A.K. Arends.
  • Karuts, Rihard (1910). Sredi kirgizov i turkmenov na Mangishlake. Translated from German by E.Petri. Saint-Peterburg: Edition А.F.Devriev.
  • Krasovski M. (1868). Materialy dlja geografii i statistiki Rossii, sobrannye oficerami general’nogo shtaba. Oblast’ Sibirskih kirgizov. Part 1-3. SaintPeterburg.
  • Levshin, Aleksei Iraklevich (1996). Opisanie kirgiz-kazach’ih ili kirgizkajsackih ord i stepej. Almaty: Sanat.
  • Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju (1913). Syr-Dar’inskaja oblast’. Kazalinskij uezd. Glavnoe upravlenie zemleustrojstva i zemledelija Pereselencheskogo upravlenija. – Tashkent: Tipo-litografija V.M. Il’ina.
  • Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju (1912). Syr-Dar’inskaja oblast’. Perovski uezd. Glavnoe upravlenie zemleustrojstva i zemledelija Pereselencheskogo upravlenija. – Tashkent: Tipo-litografija V.M. Il’ina.
  • Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju (1903). Sobrannye i razrabotannye jekspediciej po izsledovaniju stepnyh oblastej. Pavlodarskij uezd. Volume ІV. – Voronezh.
  • Mejer, LЕv Lavrientevich (1865). Materialy dlja geografii i statistiki Rossii, sobrannye oficerami general’nogo shtaba. Ch.1. Kirgizskaja step’. Orenburgskogo vedomostva. Saint-Petersburg.
  • Nebol’sin, Pavel Ivanovich (1855). Ocherki torgovli Rossii so Srednej Aziej. ZIRGO. Knizhka 10. Saint-Petersburg. V tipografii Imp.A.Sc. I.I.
  • Obzor Syr-Dar’inskoj oblasti (1888). Prilozhenie k vsepoddanejshemu otchetu voennogo gubernatora oblasti za 1886 g. Tashkent: Tipo-litografija S.I.Lahtina.
  • Obzor Syr-Dar’inskoj oblasti za 1889 god (1890). Prilozhenija k Vsepoddanejshemu otchetu voennogo gubernatora. Tashkent: Tipografija brat’ev O i G.Percevyh.
  • Obzor Syr-Dar’inskoj oblasti za 1906 god (1907). Tashkent: Tipo-litografija VAS. Mef.Il’ina.
  • Pallas, Petr Simon (1773). Puteshestvija po raznym provincijam Rossijskoj imperi. P.1. Putishestviye 1768-1769 y.y. Translated by O. Tomski. SaintPetersburg: Tipog.Imp.ASc.
  • Polochanski E.A. (1926). Za novyi aul-qystau. Moskva.
  • Sokolovski V.G. (1926). Kazakhsky aul.K voprosu o metodah ego gosudarstvennoi statistiki na osnove hresheniyi V-oy Vsekazakhskoi Partconferentsiyi i 2-go Plenuma Kazakraikoma VKP (b) Predislovo U.Dzhandosova. Central Statistical Management.Kaz.ASSR. Tashkent: It is printed on a stilograf KazTsSU.
  • Spiridonov D.M. (1922). Kirgizskie pustynnye stepi. Sankt-Peterburg. IZS otdeleniya RGO (1): 34-47, (2): 87-113.
  • Shkapski, Orest Ovenirovich (1889). Ot Orska do Kazalinska (kochevoy byt kazakhskogo naroda). Turkistanskye vedomosty 33: 127-128, 36: 140-141, 42: 164, 43: 167-168.
  • Vostrov, Viniamin Vasilievich (1963). Nekotorye voprosy jetnografii kazahov Kzyl-Ordinskoj oblasti. Materialy i issledovanija po jetnografii kazahskogo naroda 18: 30-50.
  • Zhanibekov, Ozbekaly (1995). Zholairyqta. Almaty: Rauan.
  • Zagrjazhskij, Georgi Semenovich (1874). Byt kochevogo naselenija dolin Chu i Syrdar’i. Turkestanskie vedomosty. Tashkent. 25: 97-98, 27: 106-107, 28: 110-111, 30: 118-119, 31:123, 32: 129-130.
  • Picture 1 – Winter encampment of the rich Kazakhs. Perovsk region, Tsarskaiya volost. 1910. Picture taken by A. Fisher. (Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju, 1912: 40 А)
  • Picture 2 – Middle life style of the Kazakhs` winter encampment. Perovsk region, Sauran volost. 1910. Picture taken by A. Fisher. (Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju, 1912: 32 А)
  • Picture 3 – The winter encampment of the poor. Sauran volost. 1910. Picture taken by A. Fisher. (Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju, 1912: 32 А)
  • Picture 4 – Winter encampment of the rich Kazakhs. Perovsk region, Maslov volost. 1910. Picture taken by A. Fisher. (Materialy po kirgizskomu zemlepol’zovaniju, 1912: 48 А)
  • Picture 5 – Zhertole. Graphical reconstruction.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA75KM93ZH
Journal Section Book Reviews
Authors

Zhazira Toleubayeva This is me

Tattigul Kartayeva This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Issue: 75

Cite

APA Toleubayeva, Z., & Kartayeva, T. (2015). The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century). Bilig(75), 157-176.
AMA Toleubayeva Z, Kartayeva T. The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century). Bilig. December 2015;(75):157-176.
Chicago Toleubayeva, Zhazira, and Tattigul Kartayeva. “The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century)”. Bilig, no. 75 (December 2015): 157-76.
EndNote Toleubayeva Z, Kartayeva T (December 1, 2015) The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century). Bilig 75 157–176.
IEEE Z. Toleubayeva and T. Kartayeva, “The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century)”, Bilig, no. 75, pp. 157–176, December 2015.
ISNAD Toleubayeva, Zhazira - Kartayeva, Tattigul. “The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century)”. Bilig 75 (December 2015), 157-176.
JAMA Toleubayeva Z, Kartayeva T. The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century). Bilig. 2015;:157–176.
MLA Toleubayeva, Zhazira and Tattigul Kartayeva. “The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century)”. Bilig, no. 75, 2015, pp. 157-76.
Vancouver Toleubayeva Z, Kartayeva T. The Regional Features Of The Winter Pastures On The Lower Reaches Of Syrdarya (the End of 19th to the First Half of 20th Century). Bilig. 2015(75):157-76.

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