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Language Choice, Maintenance, and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of First and Second Generation Turkish Speakers in the United States

Year 2014, Issue: 70, 105 - 130, 01.06.2014

Abstract

This paper presents the findings of research investigating the attitudes to Turkish and English, language choice, maintenance, and ethnolinguistic vitality of Turkish speakers who live in New Jersey. The theory of this study is based on Giles et al.’s (1977) ethnolinguistic vitality theory, and Yağmur’s (1997) scale was utilized. The scales consist of 91 questions. The biographical section included 12 questions; the language use and choice scale comprised 38 questions in 5 sub-sections; the attitudes to language scale consisted of 18 questions in 2 sub-sections, and the ethnolinguistic vitality questionnaire included 23 questions. 41 second-generation, and 129 firstgeneration informants took part in the study.

References

  • Ahmed, Frank (1993). Turks in America: The Ottoman Turk’s Immigrant Experience. Connecticut: Columbia International Press.
  • Akçapar, Şebnem K. (2009). “Turkish Associations in the United States: Towards Building a Transnational Identity”. Turkish Studies 10 (2): 165-193.
  • Allen, Jeffrey (2009). “Ethnic Media Reaching Record Numbers in U.S.”. New American Media. http://news.ncmonline.com [Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2011]
  • Angın, Zeynep (2003). Diasporas of Difference: Turkish Communities in Germany, Canada, and the United States. Doktora tezi. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.
  • Bali, Rıfat N. (2004). Anadolu’dan Yeni Dünya’ya: Amerika’ya İlk Göç Eden Türklerin Yaşam Öyküleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
  • Bilge, Barbara (1997). “Turks”. American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation. Ed. D. Levinson ve M. Ember. New York: Simon&Schuster Macmillan. 909-915.
  • Bourhis Richard Y., Lena C. Moise, Stephane Perreault ve Sacha Senecal (1997). “Towards an Interactive Acculturation Model: A Social Psychological Approach.” International Journal of Psychology 32: 369-386.
  • Bourhis, Richard Y., Howard Giles ve Doreen Rosenthal (1981). “Notes on the Construction of a ‘Subjective Vitality Questionnare’ for Ethnolinguistic Groups”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 2: 145-155.
  • Brubaker, Rogers (2001). “The Return of Assimilation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration and Its Sequels in France, Germany, and the United States”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (4): 531-548.
  • Chen, Grace (2007). “What is a Charter School?”. Public School Review. http://www.publicschoolreview.com/articles/3 [Erişim tarihi: 27.02.2012].
  • Dolunay, Salih K. (2007). “Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Türkçe Öğretim Merkezleri ve Türkoloji Bölümleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi Kongre Kitabı. C. 2. Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi. 28- 30 Eylül 2005. 286-292.
  • Ercan, Zeynep I. (2009). Making Sense of Schooling, Identity, and Culture: Experiences of Turkish Students and Their Parents. Doktora Tezi. Ohio: The Ohio State University.
  • Evans, Carol (1996). “Ethnolinguistic Vitality, Prejudice, and Family Language Transmission”. The Bilingual Research Journal 20 (2): 177-207.
  • Extra, Guus ve Kutlay Yağmur (2009). “Language Proficiency and Socio-Cultural Orientation of Turkish and Moroccan Youngsters in the Netherlands”. Language and Education 24 (2): 117-132.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. (1972). The Sociology of Language: An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House.
  • _____, (1980). “Ethnic Community Mother Tongue Schools in the U.S.A.: Dynamics and Distributions”. International Migration Review 14 (2): 235- 247.
  • _____, (2001). “300-Plus Years of Heritage Language Education in the United States”. Heritage Languages in America: Preserving a National Resource. Ed.
  • J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard ve S. McGinnis. McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and by Delta Systems. 81-97.
  • Giles, Howard, Richard Y. Bourhis ve Donald M. Taylor (1977). Towards a Theory of Language in Ethnic Group Relations. Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. Ed. H. Giles. London: Academic Press. 307-348.
  • Gordon, Leland J. (1932). American Relations with Turkey 1830-1930. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Güler, Müzeyyen (2004). Okyanus Ötesine: ABD’de Türk Göçmenler. İstanbul: Ofset Basım.
  • Halman, Talat S. (1980). “Turks”. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Ed. S. Thernstrom. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 992-996.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. (1995). “The Turks in America”. Les Annales de L’Autre Islam. Ed. D. T. Stephane. Paris: Inalco-Erism. 231-252.
  • _____, (2008). The Turks Finally Establish a Community”. Turkish Immigration to the United States from Ottoman Times to the Present. Ed. A. D. Balgamış ve K. H. Karpat. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. 173-192.
  • Kaya, İlhan (2003). Shifting Turkish American Identity Formations in the United States. Doktora Tezi. Florida: The Florida State University College of Social Sciences.
  • _____, (2006). “Amerikalı Türkler”. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 4 (2): 1-13.
  • Kipp, Sandra, Michael Clyne ve Anne Pauwels (1995). Immigration and Australia's Language Resources. Canberra, Australia: AGPS. Kurtuluş, Berrak (1999). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne Türk Beyin Göçü. İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yay.
  • Otçu, Bahar G. (2009). Language Maintenance and Cultural Identity Construction in a Turkish Saturday School in New York City. Doktora Tezi. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
  • Saul, Stephanie (2011). “Charter Schools Tied to Turkey in Texas”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com [Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2011].
  • Schmidt, Ronald (2002). “Racialization and Language Policy: The Case of the U.S.A.”. Multilingual 21: 141-161.
  • Shin, Hyon B. ve Robert A. Kominski (2010). “Language Use in the United States: 2007”. American Community Survey Reports.. http://www.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 23.04.2013]
  • U. S. Census Bureau (2000). “Profile of Social Characteristics: 2000, Population Group: Turkish (434)”. United States Census 2000 Summary File 4. http://factfinder2.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2012]
  • _____, (2005). “Selected Population Profile in the United States, Population Group: Turkish (434)”. 2005 American Community Survey. http://factfinder2.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2012]
  • _____, (2010). Profile of General and Housing Characteristics, 2010 Demographic Profile Data. http://factfinder2.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 16.05.2012]
  • _____, (2011). “Selected Population Profile in the United States”. 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. http://factfinder2.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 23.042013]
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2010). 2010 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. http://www.dhs.gov [Erişim tarihi: 22.11.2011]
  • Uruk, Ayşe Ç. (2006). The Adaptation Process of Turkish Individuals Living in the United States: An Integrated Framework. Doktora Tezi. University of Memphis.
  • Yağmur, Kutlay (1997). First Language Attrition among Turkish Speakers in Sydney. Tilburg, the Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
  • _____, (2004). “Language Maintenance Patterns of Turkish Immigrant Communities in Australia and Western Europe: The Impact of Majority Attitudes on Ethnolinguistic Vitality Perceptions”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 165: 121-142.
  • _____, (2009). “Language Use and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Turkish Compared with the Dutch in the Netherlands”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 30 (3): 219-233.
  • Yağmur, Kutlay ve Fons J. R. van de Vijver (2012). “Acculturation and Language Orientations of Turkish Immigrants in Australia, France, Germany, and the Netherlands”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43 (7): 1110-1130.
  • Yağmur, Kutlay ve Mehmet A. Akıncı (2003). “Language Use, Choice, Maintenance, and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Turkish Speakers in France: Intergenerational Differences”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 164: 107-128.
  • Yağmur, Kutlay ve Martin Ehala (2011). “Tradition and Innovation in the Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 32 (2): 101-110.
  • Yalınkılıç, Kadir (2013). Bulgaristan Kırcaali Türklerinin Dil DurumuToplumdilbilimsel Bir İnceleme. Doktora Tezi. Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
  • Yüksel, Özgür İ. Ş. (2008). Türkiye’den Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne Göç Eden Birinci Kuşak Göçmenlerin Yararlandığı Kitle İletişim Ortamlarının Ulusaşırı Kimlik Dönüşümüne Etkileri. Doktora Tezi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.

Amerika’daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları

Year 2014, Issue: 70, 105 - 130, 01.06.2014

Abstract

Bu makalede, Amerika’nın New Jersey eyaletinde yaşayan göçmen Türklerin, dil kullanımları ve tercihleri, Türkçe ve İngilizceye karşı tutum ve yaklaşımları ile etnik dilsel canlılıkları üzerine yapılan araştırmanın bulguları ortaya konulmaktadır. Araştırma kuramı, Giles, Bourhis ve Taylor’ın (1977) etnik dilsel canlılık teorisine; araştırma ölçeği ise Yağmur’un (1997) çalışmasına dayanmaktadır. Dil kullanımı ve tercihi ölçeği 5 bölüm ve 38 sorudan, dil tutum ve yaklaşımı ölçeği 2 bölüm ve 18 sorudan, etnik dilsel canlılık ölçeği ise 23 sorudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada 41’i ikinci kuşak, 129’u birinci kuşak olmak üzere 170 katılımcı yer almaktadır

References

  • Ahmed, Frank (1993). Turks in America: The Ottoman Turk’s Immigrant Experience. Connecticut: Columbia International Press.
  • Akçapar, Şebnem K. (2009). “Turkish Associations in the United States: Towards Building a Transnational Identity”. Turkish Studies 10 (2): 165-193.
  • Allen, Jeffrey (2009). “Ethnic Media Reaching Record Numbers in U.S.”. New American Media. http://news.ncmonline.com [Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2011]
  • Angın, Zeynep (2003). Diasporas of Difference: Turkish Communities in Germany, Canada, and the United States. Doktora tezi. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University.
  • Bali, Rıfat N. (2004). Anadolu’dan Yeni Dünya’ya: Amerika’ya İlk Göç Eden Türklerin Yaşam Öyküleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
  • Bilge, Barbara (1997). “Turks”. American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation. Ed. D. Levinson ve M. Ember. New York: Simon&Schuster Macmillan. 909-915.
  • Bourhis Richard Y., Lena C. Moise, Stephane Perreault ve Sacha Senecal (1997). “Towards an Interactive Acculturation Model: A Social Psychological Approach.” International Journal of Psychology 32: 369-386.
  • Bourhis, Richard Y., Howard Giles ve Doreen Rosenthal (1981). “Notes on the Construction of a ‘Subjective Vitality Questionnare’ for Ethnolinguistic Groups”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 2: 145-155.
  • Brubaker, Rogers (2001). “The Return of Assimilation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration and Its Sequels in France, Germany, and the United States”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (4): 531-548.
  • Chen, Grace (2007). “What is a Charter School?”. Public School Review. http://www.publicschoolreview.com/articles/3 [Erişim tarihi: 27.02.2012].
  • Dolunay, Salih K. (2007). “Türkiye ve Dünyadaki Türkçe Öğretim Merkezleri ve Türkoloji Bölümleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi Kongre Kitabı. C. 2. Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi. 28- 30 Eylül 2005. 286-292.
  • Ercan, Zeynep I. (2009). Making Sense of Schooling, Identity, and Culture: Experiences of Turkish Students and Their Parents. Doktora Tezi. Ohio: The Ohio State University.
  • Evans, Carol (1996). “Ethnolinguistic Vitality, Prejudice, and Family Language Transmission”. The Bilingual Research Journal 20 (2): 177-207.
  • Extra, Guus ve Kutlay Yağmur (2009). “Language Proficiency and Socio-Cultural Orientation of Turkish and Moroccan Youngsters in the Netherlands”. Language and Education 24 (2): 117-132.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. (1972). The Sociology of Language: An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House.
  • _____, (1980). “Ethnic Community Mother Tongue Schools in the U.S.A.: Dynamics and Distributions”. International Migration Review 14 (2): 235- 247.
  • _____, (2001). “300-Plus Years of Heritage Language Education in the United States”. Heritage Languages in America: Preserving a National Resource. Ed.
  • J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard ve S. McGinnis. McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and by Delta Systems. 81-97.
  • Giles, Howard, Richard Y. Bourhis ve Donald M. Taylor (1977). Towards a Theory of Language in Ethnic Group Relations. Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. Ed. H. Giles. London: Academic Press. 307-348.
  • Gordon, Leland J. (1932). American Relations with Turkey 1830-1930. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Gordon, Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Güler, Müzeyyen (2004). Okyanus Ötesine: ABD’de Türk Göçmenler. İstanbul: Ofset Basım.
  • Halman, Talat S. (1980). “Turks”. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Ed. S. Thernstrom. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 992-996.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. (1995). “The Turks in America”. Les Annales de L’Autre Islam. Ed. D. T. Stephane. Paris: Inalco-Erism. 231-252.
  • _____, (2008). The Turks Finally Establish a Community”. Turkish Immigration to the United States from Ottoman Times to the Present. Ed. A. D. Balgamış ve K. H. Karpat. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. 173-192.
  • Kaya, İlhan (2003). Shifting Turkish American Identity Formations in the United States. Doktora Tezi. Florida: The Florida State University College of Social Sciences.
  • _____, (2006). “Amerikalı Türkler”. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 4 (2): 1-13.
  • Kipp, Sandra, Michael Clyne ve Anne Pauwels (1995). Immigration and Australia's Language Resources. Canberra, Australia: AGPS. Kurtuluş, Berrak (1999). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne Türk Beyin Göçü. İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yay.
  • Otçu, Bahar G. (2009). Language Maintenance and Cultural Identity Construction in a Turkish Saturday School in New York City. Doktora Tezi. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
  • Saul, Stephanie (2011). “Charter Schools Tied to Turkey in Texas”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com [Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2011].
  • Schmidt, Ronald (2002). “Racialization and Language Policy: The Case of the U.S.A.”. Multilingual 21: 141-161.
  • Shin, Hyon B. ve Robert A. Kominski (2010). “Language Use in the United States: 2007”. American Community Survey Reports.. http://www.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 23.04.2013]
  • U. S. Census Bureau (2000). “Profile of Social Characteristics: 2000, Population Group: Turkish (434)”. United States Census 2000 Summary File 4. http://factfinder2.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2012]
  • _____, (2005). “Selected Population Profile in the United States, Population Group: Turkish (434)”. 2005 American Community Survey. http://factfinder2.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2012]
  • _____, (2010). Profile of General and Housing Characteristics, 2010 Demographic Profile Data. http://factfinder2.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 16.05.2012]
  • _____, (2011). “Selected Population Profile in the United States”. 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. http://factfinder2.census.gov [Erişim tarihi: 23.042013]
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2010). 2010 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. http://www.dhs.gov [Erişim tarihi: 22.11.2011]
  • Uruk, Ayşe Ç. (2006). The Adaptation Process of Turkish Individuals Living in the United States: An Integrated Framework. Doktora Tezi. University of Memphis.
  • Yağmur, Kutlay (1997). First Language Attrition among Turkish Speakers in Sydney. Tilburg, the Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
  • _____, (2004). “Language Maintenance Patterns of Turkish Immigrant Communities in Australia and Western Europe: The Impact of Majority Attitudes on Ethnolinguistic Vitality Perceptions”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 165: 121-142.
  • _____, (2009). “Language Use and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Turkish Compared with the Dutch in the Netherlands”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 30 (3): 219-233.
  • Yağmur, Kutlay ve Fons J. R. van de Vijver (2012). “Acculturation and Language Orientations of Turkish Immigrants in Australia, France, Germany, and the Netherlands”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43 (7): 1110-1130.
  • Yağmur, Kutlay ve Mehmet A. Akıncı (2003). “Language Use, Choice, Maintenance, and Ethnolinguistic Vitality of Turkish Speakers in France: Intergenerational Differences”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 164: 107-128.
  • Yağmur, Kutlay ve Martin Ehala (2011). “Tradition and Innovation in the Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 32 (2): 101-110.
  • Yalınkılıç, Kadir (2013). Bulgaristan Kırcaali Türklerinin Dil DurumuToplumdilbilimsel Bir İnceleme. Doktora Tezi. Samsun: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
  • Yüksel, Özgür İ. Ş. (2008). Türkiye’den Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne Göç Eden Birinci Kuşak Göçmenlerin Yararlandığı Kitle İletişim Ortamlarının Ulusaşırı Kimlik Dönüşümüne Etkileri. Doktora Tezi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Other ID JA75SF28BH
Journal Section Book Reviews
Authors

Gülcan Çolak Bostancı This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Issue: 70

Cite

APA Çolak Bostancı, G. (2014). Amerika’daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları. Bilig(70), 105-130.
AMA Çolak Bostancı G. Amerika’daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları. Bilig. June 2014;(70):105-130.
Chicago Çolak Bostancı, Gülcan. “Amerika’daki Birinci Ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları Ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları”. Bilig, no. 70 (June 2014): 105-30.
EndNote Çolak Bostancı G (June 1, 2014) Amerika’daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları. Bilig 70 105–130.
IEEE G. Çolak Bostancı, “Amerika’daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları”, Bilig, no. 70, pp. 105–130, June 2014.
ISNAD Çolak Bostancı, Gülcan. “Amerika’daki Birinci Ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları Ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları”. Bilig 70 (June 2014), 105-130.
JAMA Çolak Bostancı G. Amerika’daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları. Bilig. 2014;:105–130.
MLA Çolak Bostancı, Gülcan. “Amerika’daki Birinci Ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları Ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları”. Bilig, no. 70, 2014, pp. 105-30.
Vancouver Çolak Bostancı G. Amerika’daki Birinci ve İkinci Kuşak Türklerin Dil Tercihleri, Sürdürümleri, Tutumları ve Etnik Dilsel Canlılıkları. Bilig. 2014(70):105-30.

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